3 research outputs found
Microstructured Optical Fibers and Live Cells: A Water-Soluble, Photochromic Zinc Sensor
A new
biologically compatible ZnĀ(II) sensor was fabricated by embedding
a ZnĀ(II) sensing spiropyran within the surface of a liposome derived
from Escherichia coli lipids (<b>LSP2</b>). Solution-based experiments with increasing ZnĀ(II) concentrations
show improved aqueous solubility and sensitivity compared to the isolated
spiropyran molecule (<b>SP2</b>). <b>LSP2</b> is capable
of sensing ZnĀ(II) efflux from dying cells with preliminary data indicating
that sensing is localized near the surface membrane of HEK 293 cells.
Finally, <b>LSP2</b> is suitable for development into a nanoliter-scale
dip-sensor for ZnĀ(II) using microstructured optical fiber as the sensing
platform to detect ZnĀ(II) in the range of 100 ĻM with minimal
photobleaching. Existing spiropyran based sensing molecules can thus
be made biologically compatible, with an ability to operate with improved
sensitivity using nanoscale liquid sample volumes. This work represents
the first instance where photochromic spiropyran molecules and liposomes
are combined to create a new and multifunctional sensing entity for
ZnĀ(II)
Image_1_Arachidonic Acid Stress Impacts Pneumococcal Fatty Acid Homeostasis.tiff
<p>Free fatty acids hold dual roles during infection, serving to modulate the host immune response while also functioning directly as antimicrobials. Of particular importance are the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are not commonly found in bacterial organisms, that have been proposed to have antibacterial roles. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a highly abundant long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and we examined its effect upon Streptococcus pneumoniae. Here, we observed that in a murine model of S. pneumoniae infection the concentration of AA significantly increases in the blood. The impact of AA stress upon the pathogen was then assessed by a combination of biochemical, biophysical and microbiological assays. In vitro bacterial growth and intra-macrophage survival assays revealed that AA has detrimental effects on pneumococcal fitness. Subsequent analyses demonstrated that AA exerts antimicrobial activity via insertion into the pneumococcal membrane, although this did not increase the susceptibility of the bacterium to antibiotic, oxidative or metal ion stress. Transcriptomic profiling showed that AA treatment also resulted in a dramatic down-regulation of the genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, in addition to impacts on other metabolic processes, such as carbon-source utilization. Hence, these data reveal that AA has two distinct mechanisms of perturbing the pneumococcal membrane composition. Collectively, this work provides a molecular basis for the antimicrobial contribution of AA to combat pneumococcal infections.</p
Table_1_Arachidonic Acid Stress Impacts Pneumococcal Fatty Acid Homeostasis.docx
<p>Free fatty acids hold dual roles during infection, serving to modulate the host immune response while also functioning directly as antimicrobials. Of particular importance are the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are not commonly found in bacterial organisms, that have been proposed to have antibacterial roles. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a highly abundant long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and we examined its effect upon Streptococcus pneumoniae. Here, we observed that in a murine model of S. pneumoniae infection the concentration of AA significantly increases in the blood. The impact of AA stress upon the pathogen was then assessed by a combination of biochemical, biophysical and microbiological assays. In vitro bacterial growth and intra-macrophage survival assays revealed that AA has detrimental effects on pneumococcal fitness. Subsequent analyses demonstrated that AA exerts antimicrobial activity via insertion into the pneumococcal membrane, although this did not increase the susceptibility of the bacterium to antibiotic, oxidative or metal ion stress. Transcriptomic profiling showed that AA treatment also resulted in a dramatic down-regulation of the genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, in addition to impacts on other metabolic processes, such as carbon-source utilization. Hence, these data reveal that AA has two distinct mechanisms of perturbing the pneumococcal membrane composition. Collectively, this work provides a molecular basis for the antimicrobial contribution of AA to combat pneumococcal infections.</p