184 research outputs found
The effect of temperature jumps during polymer crystallization
Temperature changes during the growth of lamellar polymer crystals give rise
to steps on the surface of the crystals. It has recently been suggested that
these steps could provide important insights into the mechanism of polymer
crystallization. In particular, a characterization of the profiles of these
steps might reveal the fixed-point attractor that underlies a recently proposed
crystallization mechanism. Here we examine this hypothesis by performing
simulations of such temperature jumps using the Sadler-Gilmer model. We find
that for this model the step profiles do reveal the fixed-point attractor.
However, for temperature decreases they also reflect the rounding of the
crystal edge that occurs in this model and for temperature increases they also
reflect the fluctuations in the thickness present in the crystal. We discuss
the implications of these results for the interpretation of experimental step
profiles.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, revte
The effect of chain stiffness on the phase behaviour of isolated homopolymers
We have studied the thermodynamics of isolated homopolymer chains of varying
stiffness using a lattice model. A complex phase behaviour is found; phases
include chain-folded `crystalline' structures, the disordered globule and the
coil. It is found, in agreement with recent theoretical calculations, that the
temperature at which the solid-globule transition occurs increases with chain
stiffness, whilst the -point has only a weak dependence on stiffness.
Therefore, for sufficiently stiff chains there is no globular phase and the
polymer passes directly from the solid to the coil. This effect is analogous to
the disappearance of the liquid phase observed for simple atomic systems as the
range of the potential is decreased.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, revte
Canonical Basis and Macdonald Polynomials
In the basic representation of realized via the algebra of
symmetric functions we compare the canonical basis with the basis of Macdonald
polynomials with . We show that the Macdonald polynomials are invariant
with respect to the bar involution defined abstractly on the representations of
quantum groups. We also prove that the Macdonald scalar product coincides with
the abstract Kashiwara form. This implies, in particular, that the Macdonald
polynomials form an intermediate basis between the canonical basis and the dual
canonical basis, and the coefficients of the transition matrix are necessarily
bar invariant. We also discuss the positivity and integrality of these
coefficients. For level , we expect a similar relation between the canonical
basis and Macdonald polynomials with Comment: 25 pages, Latex2e. Advances in Math, to appea
The mechanism of thickness selection in the Sadler-Gilmer model of polymer crystallization
Recent work on the mechanism of polymer crystallization has led to a proposal
for the mechanism of thickness selection which differs from those proposed by
the surface nucleation theory of Lauritzen and Hoffman and the entropic barrier
model of Sadler and Gilmer. This has motivated us to reexamine the model used
by Sadler and Gilmer. We again find a fixed-point attractor which describes the
dynamical convergence of the crystal thickness to a value just larger than the
minimum stable thickness, l_min. This convergence arises from the combined
effect of two constraints on the length of stems in a layer: it is unfavourable
for a stem to be shorter than l_min and for a stem to overhang the edge of the
previous layer. The relationship between this new mechanism and the explanation
given by Sadler and Gilmer in terms of an entropic barrier is discussed. We
also examine the behaviour of the Sadler-Gilmer model when an energetic
contribution from chain folds is included.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, revte
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the growth of polymer crystals
Based upon kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of crystallization in a simple
polymer model we present a new picture of the mechanism by which the thickness
of lamellar polymer crystals is constrained to a value close to the minimum
thermodynamically stable thickness, l_{min}. The free energetic costs of the
polymer extending beyond the edges of the previous crystalline layer and of a
stem being shorter than l_{min} provide upper and lower constraints on the
length of stems in a new layer. Their combined effect is to cause the crystal
thickness to converge dynamically to a value close to l_{min} where growth with
constant thickness then occurs. This description contrasts with those given by
the two dominant theoretical approaches. However, at small supercoolings the
rounding of the crystal profile does inhibit growth as suggested in Sadler and
Gilmer's entropic barrier model.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figures, revte
The Dirac Sea
We give an alternate definition of the free Dirac field featuring an explicit
construction of the Dirac sea. The treatment employs a semi-infinite wedge
product of Hilbert spaces. We also show that the construction is equivalent to
the standard Fock space construction.Comment: 7 page
Pulse propagation in discrete systems of coupled excitable cells
Propagation of pulses in myelinated fibers may be described by appropriate
solutions of spatially discrete FitzHugh-Nagumo systems. In these systems,
propagation failure may occur if either the coupling between nodes is not
strong enough or the recovery is too fast. We give an asymptotic construction
of pulses for spatially discrete FitzHugh-Nagumo systems which agrees well with
numerical simulations and discuss evolution of initial data into pulses and
pulse generation at a boundary. Formulas for the speed and length of pulses are
also obtained.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, to appear in SIAM J. Appl. Mat
The self-assembly of DNA Holliday junctions studied with a minimal model
In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using coarse-grained models to
simulate the self-assembly of DNA nanostructures. We introduce a simple model
of DNA where each nucleotide is represented by two interaction sites
corresponding to the phosphate-sugar backbone and the base. Using this model,
we are able to simulate the self-assembly of both DNA duplexes and Holliday
junctions from single-stranded DNA. We find that assembly is most successful in
the temperature window below the melting temperatures of the target structure
and above the melting temperature of misbonded aggregates. Furthermore, in the
case of the Holliday junction, we show how a hierarchical assembly mechanism
reduces the possibility of becoming trapped in misbonded configurations. The
model is also able to reproduce the relative melting temperatures of different
structures accurately, and allows strand displacement to occur.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figure
Fermionization, Convergent Perturbation Theory, and Correlations in the Yang-Mills Quantum Field Theory in Four Dimensions
We show that the Yang-Mills quantum field theory with momentum and spacetime
cutoffs in four Euclidean dimensions is equivalent, term by term in an
appropriately resummed perturbation theory, to a Fermionic theory with nonlocal
interaction terms. When a further momentum cutoff is imposed, this Fermionic
theory has a convergent perturbation expansion. To zeroth order in this
perturbation expansion, the correlation function of generic components
of pairs of connections is given by an explicit, finite-dimensional integral
formula, which we conjecture will behave as \noindent for where is a positive integer depending
on the gauge group In the case where we conjecture that \noindent so that the rate
of decay of correlations increases as Comment: Minor corrections of notation, style and arithmetic errors;
correction of minor gap in the proof of Proposition 1.4 (the statement of the
Proposition was correct); further remark and references adde
Sequence-dependent thermodynamics of a coarse-grained DNA model
We introduce a sequence-dependent parametrization for a coarse-grained DNA
model [T. E. Ouldridge, A. A. Louis, and J. P. K. Doye, J. Chem. Phys. 134,
085101 (2011)] originally designed to reproduce the properties of DNA molecules
with average sequences. The new parametrization introduces sequence-dependent
stacking and base-pairing interaction strengths chosen to reproduce the melting
temperatures of short duplexes. By developing a histogram reweighting
technique, we are able to fit our parameters to the melting temperatures of
thousands of sequences. To demonstrate the flexibility of the model, we study
the effects of sequence on: (a) the heterogeneous stacking transition of single
strands, (b) the tendency of a duplex to fray at its melting point, (c) the
effects of stacking strength in the loop on the melting temperature of
hairpins, (d) the force-extension properties of single strands and (e) the
structure of a kissing-loop complex. Where possible we compare our results with
experimental data and find a good agreement. A simulation code called oxDNA,
implementing our model, is available as free software.Comment: 15 page
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