⁵⁶Fe particle radiation causes endothelial activation.

<p>(<i>A</i>) Representative images of ICAM-1 staining. Pictures are at 20x magnification and the scale bar is 10 µm. (<i>B</i>) ICAM-1 area was measured as percent total area in the entire cortex in 2 serial sections with the results being averaged together. Each dot represents a single animal. (<i>C</i>) Protein samples were analyzed for LRP1 using Western blot. LRP1 levels were standarized against α-tubulin as a loading control. Representative immunoblot image is present in <i>C’</i>. Data is presented as mean ± SD. Results were analysed with a Student’s t-test. <i>n</i> = 13–14 animals per dose.</p

Radiation increases select Aβ isoforms but has no effect on APP processing.

<p>Dot plot analysis of soluble Aβ40 (<i>A</i>), Aβ42 (<i>B</i>) and insoluble Aβ40 (<i>C</i>) and Aβ42 (<i>D</i>). Each dot represents one animal. Data was analyzed with Student’s t-test for the females and one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post test for the males. (<i>E, F</i>) Male 0 cGy and 100 cGy APP (<i>E</i>) and β-C terminal fragment (<i>F</i>) protein levels were measured via Western blot and standardized to α-tubulin. Representative images of blots are present in <i>E’</i> and <i>F’</i>. Results were analyzed with Student’s t-test. Data displayed as mean ± SD, <i>n</i> = 8–14 animals per dose. *<i>P<.05, **P<.01</i>.</p

Immunohistochemical staining for Congo red and 6E10 increases after ⁵⁶Fe particle irradiation.

<p>(<i>A, C</i>) Representative images of half male brains stained for Congo red (<i>A</i>) or 6E10 (<i>C</i>) 6 months after 0 cGy or 100 cGy ⁵⁶Fe particle radiation. Scale bar is 1 mm. (<i>B, D</i>) Quantitative measurement of percent plaque area assessed with Congo red (<i>B</i>) and 6E10 (<i>D</i>). In addition, total number of individual 6E10 positive plaques (<i>E</i>) and the average size of plaques (µm²) (<i>F</i>) was determined. Each dot represents a single animal measured as percent area of the cortex and hippocampus combined. Data was analyzed with Student’s t-test for the females and one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post test for the males. Data displayed as mean ± SD, <i>n</i> = 8–14 animals per dose. *<i>P<.05, **P<.01</i>.</p

Effect of ⁵⁶Fe particle radiation on memory and cognition using contextual fear conditioning and novel object recognition tests.

<p>(<i>A</i>) Fear conditioning results quantified as percent time freezing. (<i>B</i>) No significant difference was found between any groups in freezing to a novel context or a tone stimulus. (<i>C</i>) Novel object recognition test using the recognition index generated for time spent with the novel object. All data is compared within the respective gender. Data was analyzed with Student’s t-test for the females and one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post test for the males. Graphs show means ± SD, <i>n = </i>8–14 animals per condition at each dose. **<i>P</i><.01, ***<i>P</i><.001.</p

Protein levels of CCL11 are elevated in the DLFC in CTE but not AD.

<p>CCL11 protein levels were measured using ELISA. CCL11 fold change is shown for non-exposed control, CTE, and AD subjects. Bar graphs shows mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05; One-way ANOVA.</p

Demographic and exposure characteristics of subject groups.

<p>Demographic and exposure characteristics of subject groups.</p

CCL11 is elevated in cases with more than 16 years of exposure to American football.

<p>CCL11 protein fold changes are shown for non-exposed controls (n = 18), cases with less than 16 years of exposure (n = 10), and cases with more than or equal to 16 years of exposure (n = 13). Bar graphs shows mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001; One-way ANOVA.</p

CCL11 is elevated in the CSF during CTE.

<p>(A) Quantitation of CCL11 fold change in the CSF is shown for control (n = 4), CTE (n = 7), and AD (n = 4) subjects. (B) Receiver operatic characteristic (ROC) curve for CSF CCL11 predicting CTE. Red line denotes CCL11 while the black line is the reference, AUC = 0.839, 95% CI 0.62–1.058, p = 0.028. Bar graphs shows mean ± SEM, One-way ANOVA.</p