Raman cooling and heating of two trapped Ba+ ions

We study cooling of the collective vibrational motion of two 138Ba+ ions confined in an electrodynamic trap and irradiated with laser light close to the resonances S_1/2-P_1/2 (493 nm) and P_1/2-D_3/2 (650 nm). The motional state of the ions is monitored by a spatially resolving photo multiplier. Depending on detuning and intensity of the cooling lasers, macroscopically different motional states corresponding to different ion temperatures are observed. We also derive the ions' temperature from detailed analytical calculations of laser cooling taking into account the Zeeman structure of the energy levels involved. The observed motional states perfectly match the calculated temperatures. Significant heating is observed in the vicinity of the dark resonances of the Zeeman-split S_1/2-D_3/2 Raman transitions. Here two-photon processes dominate the interaction between lasers and ions. Parameter regimes of laser light are identified that imply most efficient laser cooling.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Assessment of trace metal contamination in a historical freshwater canal (Buckingham Canal), Chennai, India

The present study was done to assess the sources and the major processes controlling the trace metal distribution in sediments of Buckingham Canal. Based on the observed geochemical variations, the sediments are grouped as South Buckingham Canal and North Buckingham Canal sediments (SBC and NBC, respectively). SBC sediments show enrichment in Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, V, Mo, and As concentrations, while NBC sediments show enrichment in Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Hg. The calculated Chemical Index of Alteration and Chemical Index of Weathering values for all the sediments are relatively higher than the North American Shale Composite and Upper Continental Crust but similar to Post-Archaean Average Shale, and suggest a source area with moderate weathering. Overall, SBC sediments are highly enriched in Mo, Zn, Cu, and Hg (geoaccumulation index (Igeo) class 4– 6), whereas NBC sediments are enriched in Sn, Cu,Zn, and Hg (Igeo class 4–6). Cu, Ni, and Cr show higher than Effects-Range Median values and hence the biological adverse effect of these metals is 20%; Zn, which accounts for 50%, in the NBC sediments, has a more biological adverse effect than other metalsfound in these sediments. The calculated Igeo, Enrichment Factor, and Contamination Factor values indicate that Mo, Hg, Sn, Cu, and Zn are highly enriched in the Buckingham Canal sediments, suggesting the rapid urban and industrial development of Chennai MetropolitanCity have negatively influenced on the surrounding aquatic ecosystem

Homage: Harnessing technology to tackle Singapore’s ageing challenges

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The future for children in Muntigunung: A social enterprise project in transition

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Correction: A High Malaria Prevalence Identified by PCR among Patients with Acute Undifferentiated Fever in India.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158816.]

Seasonal variation among malaria PCR positive cases.

<p>The sites have the following rainy seasons: Oddanchatram; June to December, with peak monsoon from October to December. Ambur; June to December, with a peak monsoon from October to December. Ratnagiri; June to November. Mungeli; June to September, or early October. Anantapur; Dry climate, but rainy season from May to October, with its peak in September. Tezpur; April to September, with peak monsoon in July and August. Raxaul; July to September, with peak monsoon in August.</p

Malaria species concordance between PCR and RDT results, (N = 1407).

<p>Malaria species concordance between PCR and RDT results, (N = 1407).</p

Location of seven community hospitals in six states of India participating in the study.

<p>Location of seven community hospitals in six states of India participating in the study.</p

Performance of routine microscopy and RDT compared to PCR.

<p>Performance of routine microscopy and RDT compared to PCR.</p

Malaria species concordance between PCR and routine microscopy results, (N = 1168).

<p>Malaria species concordance between PCR and routine microscopy results, (N = 1168).</p