Additional file 2 of Atlas-based analysis of 4D flow CMR: Automated vessel segmentation and flow quantification

Flow visualization in the segmented vessels. Flow speed visualization in the aorta, pulmonary artery, and caval veins over the cardiac cycle using streamlines. Visualization created with EnSight (CEI Inc.). (MP4 1710 kb

Additional file 1 of Atlas-based analysis of 4D flow CMR: Automated vessel segmentation and flow quantification

Vessel segmentation in 4D. Resulting segmentation mask of the aorta (red), pulmonary artery (blue), and caval veins (green) over the cardiac cycle for one dataset. Visualization created with EnSight (CEI Inc.). (MP4 1126 kb

Datasheet1_Impact of dobutamine stress on diastolic energetic efficiency of healthy left ventricle: an in vivo kinetic energy analysis.pdf

The total kinetic energy (KE) of blood can be decomposed into mean KE (MKE) and turbulent KE (TKE), which are associated with the phase-averaged fluid velocity field and the instantaneous velocity fluctuations, respectively. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of pharmacologically induced stress on MKE and TKE in the left ventricle (LV) in a cohort of healthy volunteers. 4D Flow MRI data were acquired in eleven subjects at rest and after dobutamine infusion, at a heart rate that was ∼60% higher than the one in rest conditions. MKE and TKE were computed as volume integrals over the whole LV and as data mapped to functional LV flow components, i.e., direct flow, retained inflow, delayed ejection flow and residual volume. Diastolic MKE and TKE increased under stress, in particular at peak early filling and peak atrial contraction. Augmented LV inotropy and cardiac frequency also caused an increase in direct flow and retained inflow MKE and TKE. However, the TKE/KE ratio remained comparable between rest and stress conditions, suggesting that LV intracavitary fluid dynamics can adapt to stress conditions without altering the TKE to KE balance of the normal left ventricle at rest.</p

Correlation plots.

<p>A. Direct flow (DF) volume ratio (in relation to LVEDV) versus LVEDV index (LVEDVI). B. DF Kinetic energy (KE) ratio at ED versus LVEDVI. C. Non-ejecting (NE) volume ratio versus LVEDVI. D. NE KE ratio at ED versus LVEDVI.</p

Sub-analysis with patients stratified according to Late Gadolinium Enhancement test.

<p>Sub-analysis with patients stratified according to Late Gadolinium Enhancement test.</p

The 4D flow components as proportions of total LV EDV (percent ± SD) in the three sub-groups stratified by LVEDVI.

<p>Non-ejecting volume is comprised of the Retained inflow (yellow) and Residual volume (red) flow components (yellow + red = orange). * P<0.05 vs Control group; † P<0.05 vs Lower LVEDVI group.</p

4D flow components.

<p>A. Schematic of the routes of the four LV flow components; direct flow (green), retained inflow (yellow), delayed ejection flow (blue), and residual volume (red). A semitransparent grayscale three-chamber image provides morphological orientation. Circles indicate the approximate location of the center of mass of each component at the time of end-diastole. B. Particle trace pathlines indicate routes of direct flow (green) and retained inflow (yellow). Red dots indicate the positions of the residual volume pathlines at end-diastole. Non-ejected flow comprises the retained inflow and the residual volume. Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle.</p

Correlation between 4D flow measures and LV volumes.

<p>Correlation between 4D flow measures and LV volumes.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Test-retest variability of left ventricular 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance measurements in healthy subjects

CMR data for scan-rescan results compared to interval scan results. (DOCX 11 kb