RSV disease in infants and young children: Can we see a brighter future?

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious seasonal virus and the leading cause of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI), including pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children. RSV-related LRTI cause approximately 3 million hospitalizations and 120,000 deaths annually among children <5 years of age. The majority of the burden of RSV occurs in previously healthy infants. Only a monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been approved against RSV infections in a restricted group, leaving an urgent unmet need for a large number of children potentially benefiting from preventive measures. Approaches under development include maternal vaccines to protect newborns, extended half-life monoclonal antibodies to provide rapid long-lasting protection, and pediatric vaccines. RSV has been identified as a major global priority but a solution to tackle this unmet need for all children has yet to be implemented. New technologies represent the avenue for effectively addressing the leading-cause of hospitalization in children <1 years old

MRI as a Novel In Vivo Approach for Assessing Structural Changes of Chlamydia Pathology in a Mouse Model.

Chlamydia trachomatis is among the most prevalent of sexually transmitted diseases. While Chlamydia infection is a reportable event and screening has increased over time, enhanced surveillance has not resulted in a reduction in the rate of infections, and Chlamydia infections frequently recur. The development of a preventative vaccine for Chlamydia may be the only effective approach for reducing infection and the frequency of pathological outcomes. Current vaccine research efforts involve time consuming and/or invasive approaches for assessment of disease state, and MRI presents a clinically translatable method for assessing infection and related pathology both quickly and non-invasively. Longitudinal T2-weighted MRI was performed over 63 days on both control or Chlamydia muridarum challenged mice, either with or without elementary body (EB) immunization, and gross necropsy was performed on day 65. A scoring system was developed to assess the number of regions affected by Chlamydia pathology and was used to document pathology over time and at necropsy. The scoring system documented increasing incidence of pathology in the unimmunized and challenged mice (significantly greater compared to the control and EB immunized-challenged groups) by 21 days post-challenge. No differences between the unchallenged and EB immunized-challenged mice were observed. MRI scores at Day 63 were consistently higher than gross necropsy scores at Day 65, although two of the three groups of mice showed no significant differences between the two techniques. In this work we describe the application of MRI in mice for the potential evaluation of disease pathology and sequelae caused by C. muridarum infection and this technique's potential for evaluation of vaccines for Chlamydia

Incidence of Positive Pathology in Ovaries/Oviducts Detected by MRI Images.

<p>Incidence of Positive Pathology in Ovaries/Oviducts Detected by MRI Images.</p

Bacterial counts recovered by vaginal swab.

<p>Summary of the course of infection over the first three weeks after challenge, as measured by qPCR.</p

Comparison of the mean MRI image and gross pathology scores at the end of the study for the three groups of mice.

<p>MRI image scores at Day 63 were consistently higher than gross pathology scores at Day 65, although no significant differences were seen between the techniques for the control and EB immunized-challenged groups. Error bars represent SEM.</p

MRI images of an example control mouse at all time points during the study (n = 10 mice in control group).

<p>The coronal images are acquired such that the animal’s head is at the top of the figures, the tail at the bottom, and as if the animal is facing the viewer such that the animal’s left side is on the right side of the figures. Arrows point to uterine horns, asterisks denote an ovary/oviduct when present in the image plane, and the double asterisk identifies the bladder at baseline. Images are shown at the approximate plate of the uterine horn branching or to show both horns. The MRI image score is shown next to the time point, and the gross pathology score at Day 65 was 0 for this animal.</p