'On Licence: Understanding punishment, recidivism and desistance in penal policy, 1853-1945'

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, British legislators reacted to the perceived growth in a hard core of violent repeat offenders and struggled to fi nd solutions to the problem of recidivism. The concept of dangerousness, and the potential threat posed by those people who appeared to be less affected by civilising processes that appeared to be effective in making Britain a safer place to live, have since been a recurring topic of study for researchers of nineteenth-century society. 1 Others, such as Leon Radzinowicz and Roger Hood, have focused more on legislation such as the Penal Servitude Acts (1853–64), Habitual Offender Acts (1869–91) and the Preventive Detention Act (1908), which were designed to incapacitate offenders through the imposition of long prison sentences and extended police supervision. 2 In an attempt to make the system to work effectively, a vast bureaucracy was created which was responsible for the identifi cation and tracking of many thousands of former prisoners and convicts. This served to create a huge range and number of archived written documentary records – many of which can now be utilised by historians to examine the impact of particular forms of legislation on offenders and the length of their criminal careers. In this chapter we present some case studies in order to outline both the possibilities, and also some of the possible pitfalls, of using these bureaucratic records in modern research. We contribute to the debates initiated by Radzinowicz and Hood by examining the impact of penal practices and policies on repeat offenders in order to understand the relative effects of punishment and surveillance, and also other signifi cant events in individual offenders’ lives, on their offending over the whole course of their lives

Is business performance of further education colleges improved by entrepreneurial leadership and the adoption of a positive market orientation?: an empirical study of English FE colleges

The political role of English further education colleges has been ambiguous for some 20 years, being a nationally funded service administered by local government. In 1993 this role ambiguity was challenged with the incorporation of colleges, accompanied by a shift in the locus of power to national government. Significant cultural change was driven through by an expansionary yet punitive funding regime based on the principles of the free market. In common with other parts of the public sector, this change in orientation has had mixed results. This thesis explores the issues that face the leaders of the modern FE college, approaching the subject from the perspectives of entrepreneurial leadership and market orientation. The sector was dominated by financial instability during the first five years, with the next three being characterised by improving financial health for some colleges and the failure of others. The sector has lost 25 colleges since incorporation through mergers and takeovers. The removal of barriers to competition and the development of rising standards underpinned by audit and inspection have required colleges to adapt to a hostile and turbulent operating environment. A new management paradigm and approach to client orientation has been required to compete and survive in the post incorporation era. The roles of entrepreneurial leadership and market orientation and their impact on business performance have not been widely studied in the UK public sector and the further education sector in particular. The thesis is based on an empirical study of a sample of 250 colleges, representing 60% of English FE colleges. Using quantitative analysis tools, the direction and strength of causal relationships are explored. The financial performance measurement problems typical of public sector are explored using data envelopment analysis and linear structural equations. The thesis concludes with a review of the managerial implications of the study by way of three qualitative case studies and elite interviewing, reconciling theory with the results of the study. The thesis ends with a summary of issues for future research direction

Is business performance of further education colleges improved by entrepreneurial leadership and the adoption of a positive market orientation?: an empirical study of English FE colleges

The political role of English further education colleges has been ambiguous for some 20 years, being a nationally funded service administered by local government. In 1993 this role ambiguity was challenged with the incorporation of colleges, accompanied by a shift in the locus of power to national government. Significant cultural change was driven through by an expansionary yet punitive funding regime based on the principles of the free market. In common with other parts of the public sector, this change in orientation has had mixed results. This thesis explores the issues that face the leaders of the modern FE college, approaching the subject from the perspectives of entrepreneurial leadership and market orientation. The sector was dominated by financial instability during the first five years, with the next three being characterised by improving financial health for some colleges and the failure of others. The sector has lost 25 colleges since incorporation through mergers and takeovers. The removal of barriers to competition and the development of rising standards underpinned by audit and inspection have required colleges to adapt to a hostile and turbulent operating environment. A new management paradigm and approach to client orientation has been required to compete and survive in the post incorporation era. The roles of entrepreneurial leadership and market orientation and their impact on business performance have not been widely studied in the UK public sector and the further education sector in particular. The thesis is based on an empirical study of a sample of 250 colleges, representing 60% of English FE colleges. Using quantitative analysis tools, the direction and strength of causal relationships are explored. The financial performance measurement problems typical of public sector are explored using data envelopment analysis and linear structural equations. The thesis concludes with a review of the managerial implications of the study by way of three qualitative case studies and elite interviewing, reconciling theory with the results of the study. The thesis ends with a summary of issues for future research direction

The Interblink Interval in Normal and Dry Eye Subjects

Purpose: Our aim was to extend the concept of blink patterns from average interblink interval (IBI) to other aspects of the distribution of IBI. We hypothesized that this more comprehensive approach would better discriminate between normal and dry eye subjects. Methods: Blinks were captured over 10 minutes for ten normal and ten dry eye subjects while viewing a standardized televised documentary. Fifty-five blinks were analyzed for each of the 20 subjects. Means, standard deviations, and autocorrelation coefficients were calculated utilizing a single random effects model fit to all data points and a diagnostic model was subsequently fit to predict probability of a subject having dry eye based on these parameters. Results: Mean IBI was 5.97 seconds for normal versus 2.56 seconds for dry eye subjects (ratio: 2.33, P = 0.004). IBI variability was 1.56 times higher in normal subjects (P < 0.001), and the autocorrelation was 1.79 times higher in normal subjects (P = 0.044). With regard to the diagnostic power of these measures, mean IBI was the best dry eye versus normal classifier using receiver operating characteristics (0.85 area under curve (AUC)), followed by the standard deviation (0.75 AUC), and lastly, the autocorrelation (0.63 AUC). All three predictors combined had an AUC of 0.89. Based on this analysis, cutoffs of ≤3.05 seconds for median IBI, and ≤0.73 for the coefficient of variation were chosen to classify dry eye subjects. Conclusion: (1) IBI was significantly shorter for dry eye patients performing a visual task compared to normals; (2) there was a greater variability of interblink intervals in normal subjects; and (3) these parameters were useful as diagnostic predictors of dry eye disease. The results of this pilot study merit investigation of IBI parameters on a larger scale study in subjects with dry eye and other ocular surface disorders

Investigation of extended blinks and interblink intervals in subjects with and without dry eye

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and duration of extended blinks ≥ 70 msec and their associated interblink intervals in normal subjects and in subjects with mild to moderate dry eye. Methods: This single-center, prospective, double-blind study included 11 subjects with dry eye and eight subjects with normal eyes. Extended blinks were defined as lid closure in at least two successive video frames (≥70 msec). Digital video imaging of each subject’s eyes was recorded while the subject viewed a 10-minute documentary. The subjects did not know that blink was the outcome being measured. Following capture, the videos were manually analyzed in a masked fashion for the occurrence of extended blinks. The length of the interblink interval (ie, time between blinks) before and after these extended blinks (the interblink interval ratio) was calculated, as well as differences in lid contact times. Results: The dry eye group had a median extended blink duration which was 2.53 times longer than that of the normal group. For subjects with dry eye, interblink intervals post-extended blink were significantly longer than interblink intervals pre-extended blink (P < 0.001). Interblink intervals did not lengthen significantly in normal subjects. In both groups, the duration of the extended blink was significantly (P = 0.001) and positively correlated with interblink interval ratio (post-extended to pre-extended blink interblink interval), such that for each doubling of extended blink duration, the interblink interval ratio increased by 10%. Blinks longer than one second in duration occurred almost exclusively in subjects with dry eye. Conclusion: This study reports three central findings: blink duration tended to be longer in subjects with dry eye; a lengthening of the interblink interval after an extended blink occurred in subjects with dry eye but not in those without dry eye; and a longer blink duration was associated with a significantly increased interblink interval ratio in all subjects

Eating and aging: Trends in dietary intake among older Americans from 1977–2010

We examined trends from 1977–2010 in calorie, macronutrient, and food group intake among US adults 55 and older

Use and Liberalisation of Capital Controls: Country Experiences and Issues

This paper reviews the issues involved in the use and liberalisation of capital controls, as experienced by some of the IMF member countries. Apart from reviewing the nature and scope of capital controls, it delves into the theoretical considerations in the use of capital controls, speed and sequencing of capital account liberalisation in the crisis-hit economies of Indonesia, Korea and Thailand. Lastly, it examines the crucial role of prudential regulation and a consistent monetary and exchange rate policy in the sequencing of liberalisation.

Colorado Native Plant Society Newsletter, Vol. 2 No. 1, January-February 1978

The Colorado Native Plant Society Newsletter will be published on a bimonthly basis. The contents will consist primarily of a calendar of events, notes of interest, editorials, listings of new members and conservation news. Until there is a Society journal, the Newsletter will include short articles also. The deadline for the Newsletter is one month prior to its release.https://epublications.regis.edu/aquilegia/1006/thumbnail.jp