Optomechanical Crystal Devices

We present the basic ideas and techniques utilized in recent work on optomechanical crystals. Optomechanical crystals are nanofabricated cavity optomechanical systems where the confinement of light and motion is obtained by nanopatterning periodic structures in thin-films. In this chapter we start from a basic review of the properties of optical and elastic waves in nanostructures, before introducing the properties and design of periodic structures. After reviewing fabrication and characterization methods, experimental results in 1D and 2D systems are presented

Base closings: the rise and decline of the US military bases issue in Spain, 1975-2005

This article examines the conditions under which the United States foreign military bases become a contentious political issue in democratic base-hosting countries. Democratic consolidation, and in particular the institutionalization of the party system, reduces the incentives for political elites to mobilize domestic political support in opposition to foreign military presence. In the Spanish case, changes in the pattern of party competition explain why the basing issue was particularly contentious in domestic politics from 1981 to 1988, despite long-standing and profound public opposition to the use of the bases by the United States, and most recently in the 2003 Iraq campaign. Neither a public opinion explanation, focusing on anti-Americanism, nor a security-based explanation, focusing on the nature of bilateral security relations, can explain these same trends. The argument illuminates long-neglected important interactions in emerging democracies between party system dynamics and foreign policy positions and has important implications for determining the domestic political conditions under which overseas democratic countries will contest United States security hegemon