Prevalence of depression and low self-esteem.

<p>Prevalence of depression and low self-esteem.</p

Prevalence of depression and associated clinical and socio-demographic factors in people living with lymphatic filariasis in Plateau State, Nigeria

<div><p>Background</p><p>Lymphatic filariasis is a chronic, disabling and often disfiguring condition that principally impacts the world’s poorest people. In addition to the well-recognised physical disability associated with lymphedema and hydrocele, affected people often experience rejection, stigma and discrimination. The resulting emotional consequences are known to impact on the quality of life and the functioning of the affected individuals. However, the management of this condition has focused on prevention and treatment through mass drug administration, with scant attention paid to the emotional impact of the condition on affected individuals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of depression among individuals with physical disfigurement from lymphatic filariasis in Plateau State, Nigeria.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>A cross-sectional 2-stage convenience study was conducted at 5 designated treatment centers across Plateau State, Nigeria. All available and consenting clients with clearly visible physical disfigurement were recruited. A semi-structured socio-demographic questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-esteem and a 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were administered at the first stage. Those who screened positive (with a PHQ-9 score of five and above) were further interviewed using the Depression module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).</p><p>Results</p><p>Ninety-eight individuals met the criteria and provided consent. Twenty percent of the respondents met criteria for depression, with the following proportions based on severity: Mild (42.1%), Moderate (31.6%) and Severe (26.3%). History of mental illness (OR 40.83, p = 0.008); Median duration of the illness was 17 years (IQR 7.0–30 years) and being unemployed (OR 12.71, p = 0.003) were predictive of depression. High self-esteem was negatively correlated (OR 0.09, p<0.004).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Prevalence of depression is high among individuals with lymphatic filariasis and depression in sufferers is associated with low self-esteem and low levels of life satisfaction.</p></div

History of mental illness, economic status, functioning and adequacy of support.

<p>History of mental illness, economic status, functioning and adequacy of support.</p

Predictors of depression.

<p>Predictors of depression.</p

Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants.

<p>Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants.</p

Severity of depression among respondents.

<p>Severity of depression among respondents.</p

Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Are Synergistic with Mass Drug Administration for Interruption of Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission in Nigeria

<div><p>In central Nigeria <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes transmit malaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF). The strategy used for interrupting LF transmission in this area is annual mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole and ivermectin, but after 8 years of MDA, entomological evaluations in sentinel villages showed continued low-grade mosquito infection rates of 0.32%. After long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution by the national malaria program in late 2010, however, we were no longer able to detect infected vectors over a 24-month period. This is evidence that LLINs are synergistic with MDA in interrupting LF transmission.</p></div

Mosquito lymphatic filariasis infection rates (all larval stages) in Plateau and Nasarawa state sentinel sites.

<p>Mosquito lymphatic filariasis infection rates (all larval stages) in Plateau and Nasarawa state sentinel sites.</p

13 years of mass drug administration for LF in Plateau and Nasarawa states, Nigeria, 2000–2012 (n = 36,119,921).

<p>13 years of mass drug administration for LF in Plateau and Nasarawa states, Nigeria, 2000–2012 (n = 36,119,921).</p

Mean sentinel village antigen prevalence by MDA treatment year (n = 9,394).

<p>Filarial antigenemia as determined by ICT testing. SV results across all four MDA phases have been adjusted to MDA treatment year for comparability. Data for the baseline antigen for five villages (Gbuwhen, Gwamlar, Lankan, Maiganga, and Seri) were from 1999–2000 mapping surveys. Baseline for the remaining villages (Akwete, Anzara, Babale, Dokan Tofa, Piapung) combined values from the community wide nocturnal pre-treatment surveys conducted in 2003 with pre-treatment data from the 1999–2000 mapping surveys. Chi square for trend not significant (p = 0.06 for all MDA years and p = 0.271 for baseline through MDA year 6). Bars show 95% confidence intervals.</p