Results of simulations.

<p>(A) Ratios of observed neighbourhood indices for a comparison area and the reference area (<i>I</i>_comp/<i>I</i>_ref) compared with ratios of true MMRs (MMR_comp/MMR_ref) for a sample size of 20,000 per area. Each point represents the results of one simulation. In each case the MMR in the reference area was 183 per 100,000 live births. Ratios of neighbourhood indices which were significantly different (p<0.05) are shown in blue (filled circles); non-significant results are shown in orange (open circles). 1:1 line is also shown. (B) Detectable differences – the lines show ratios of MMR_comp/MMR_ref which could be detected with 80% power at the 5% significance level for a given sample size when MMR_ref = 183. The equivalent curves using a direct sisterhood survey with reference period 3 years assuming 2 sisters per respondent, GFR = 83 and perfect information from survey responses are also shown.</p

Respondents reporting an event in clusters where exactly one event had taken place during the reference period.

<p>OR =  odds ratio (per year before the survey) for an event being reported (OR<1 means the event was less likely to be reported the greater the time it occurred before the survey).</p><p>n =  number of respondents correctly reporting the event.</p><p>N =  number of clusters with exactly one event of this type during the reference interval (x 2 respondents).</p><p>% =  % of potential reports included in responses.</p

Characteristics of infants in the study by village group.

<p>Note:</p>*<p>includes Serere, Manjago and Sarahule groups present in very small numbers in the villages where the study took place.</p>+<p>refers to carriage at any time in infants up to 8 weeks of age. Numbers in parenthesis are percentages except as specified for birth weight.</p

Mean CD4% and geometric mean biomarker levels at different times before death in patients who died during follow-up compared to levels in stable subjects who were still alive at the end of follow-up.

<p>Comparisons between HIV-1 and HIV-2 patients at similar times before death are also shown. All p-values are adjusted for age of the patient.</p

Spearman rank correlations between the CD4% and CD4 absolute counts for all the samples in HIV-1 and HIV-2.

<p>Correlation coefficients (r_s) are shown for each comparison with the p-value shown in brackets below.</p

Carriage of selected pneumococcal serotypes isolated at any time during the first 8 weeks of life stratified by study arm.

<p>Note: Figures for vaccine serotypes, NT and the 11 most frequently isolated non-vaccine serotypes are shown.</p

Baseline CD4% and concentrations of the biomarkers in patients who were known to have died or known to be still alive after the first 5 years of follow-up.

*<p>Effect of baseline CD4% or biomarker concentration on odds of death within 5 years using logistic regression.</p