Appendix C. Use of SAS proc Mixed.

Use of SAS proc Mixed

Appendix B. Adjusted standard errors for pseudo estimators.

Adjusted standard errors for pseudo estimators

Appendix D. Additional figures showing root mean squared error, bias, standard deviations, and coverage of confidence intervals for µ, σ2, and λ with varying assumptions.

Additional figures showing root mean squared error, bias, standard deviations, and coverage of confidence intervals for µ, σ2, and λ with varying assumptions

Appendix A. Mixed-model formulation.

Mixed-model formulation

RSA (uncorrected and corrected for respiration), respiratory parameters, physical activity and heart rate across the two Still-Face Test challenges (n = 16).

<p>RSA (uncorrected and corrected for respiration), respiratory parameters, physical activity and heart rate across the two Still-Face Test challenges (n = 16).</p

Overview of the Still-Face Paradigm.

<p>Overview of the Still-Face Paradigm.</p

Individual trajectories of RSA uncorrected and corrected for respiration (both tidal volume and respiration rate) across the three episodes of the first Still-Face Test (n = 23).

<p>Individual trajectories of RSA uncorrected and corrected for respiration (both tidal volume and respiration rate) across the three episodes of the first Still-Face Test (n = 23).</p

Overall ANOVA time effects (df = 4,66 or 2,44) for changes in physiological parameters across Still-Face Tests and paired t-tests (df = 15 or 22) testing changes from Play to Still-Face episodes 1 and 2.

<p><i>Note</i>: P = Play episode; SF1 = Still-Face episode 1; SF2 = Still-Face episode 2; T_TOT = total respiratory cycle time; V_T = tidal volume; RSA = respiratory sinus arrhythmia; logRSA/V_Tc = logarithm of RSA normalized by V_T (logarithm(RSA/V_T)+1), adjusted for T_TOT; HR = heart rate.</p>†<p><i>p</i>-level of both <i>t</i>-tests for each index are Bonferroni-adjusted in this subgroup.</p

RSA, respiration, and heart rate across Still-Face Test episodes controlled for physical activity: Linear mixed model overall <i>F</i> tests (<i>df</i> = 2 or 4, 50.0 to 67.7), time-varying covariate activity effect <i>F</i>-tests (<i>df</i> = 1, 25.7 to 77.8) and <i>t</i>-tests (<i>df</i> = 52.4 to 77.7) testing changes from Play to Still-Face episode 1 and 2.

<p><i>Note:</i> V_T = tidal volume; RSA = respiratory sinus arrhythmia; T_TOT = total respiratory cycle time; HR = heart rate; RSA/V_T = RSA normalized by V_T; c = adjusted.</p><p>for total respiratory cycle time; logRSA = logarithm(RSA+1); logRSA/V_T = logarithm(RSA/V_T)+1.</p

Percentages of breaths too short to allow extraction of two inter-beat intervals for peak-valley RSA calculation in infants.

<p><i>Note:</i> RSA = respiratory sinus arrhythmia; Frequencies across episodes (as % of analyzed breaths) and ANOVA time effects for infants with one Still-Face Test (<i>n</i> = 23, <i>df</i> = 2,44) and two Still-Face Tests (<i>n</i> = 16, <i>df</i> = 4,60).</p>†<p><i>p</i><.10.</p