The Load Alternation: Semantic Shifts and Implicit Arguments

Cette étude propose que les expressions verbales du type to load, to pack, to pile, etc. sont composées de concepts substantifs spécifiques et de concepts prédicatifs généraux. Toutes ces expressions au niveau de la surface impliquent une dérivation qui combine ces éléments. Les concepts substantifs se trouvent aussi dans les expressions nominales (e.g. a load, a pack, a pile, etc.). L’alternance dans la réalisation de la structure argumentale des verbes est possible parce que l’interprétation du concept substantif subit un changement sémantique de sorte que le concept se combine différemment avec les concepts prédicatifs pertinents. Dans une réalisation, le concept substantif est le thème et dans l’autre, c’est l’argument de lieu.This study argues that verbal expressions like to load, to pack, to pile, etc. are composed of specific substantive concepts and general predicate concepts. All surface expressions involve a derivation that combines these elements. Substantive concepts may also appear in nominal expressions (e.g. a load, a pack, a pile, etc.). The verbal expressions allow an alternate realization of their argument structure because the interpretation of the substantive concept undergoes a semantic shift so that it combines differently with the pertinent predicate concepts. In one realization, the substantive concept is an implicit theme argument; in the other, it is an implicit location

On the Distribution of Determiners in Haitian Creole

Cet article fournit des données plus détaillées sur la distribution des déterminants en créole haïtien. On soutient qu’il y a deux contraintes indépendantes qui déterminent leur distribution. Comme en anglais, en hongrois, en turc et en hébreu, un déterminant spécifique est nécessaire pour la réalisation du Cas génitif en haïtien. Du reste, il y a une contrainte générale pour le traitement des catégories fonctionelles qui empêche qu’on insère deux éléments identiques dans une séquence linéaire. Cette dernière existe d’autre part dans au moins une autre langue (le fon).The paper provides more precise data on the distribution of determiners in Haitian creole. It proposes that there are two independent constraints on the distribution of these functional categories. In Haitian, as in English, Hungarian, Turkish and Hebrew, a specific determiner is necessary to the realization of genitive Case. Moreover there is a general constraint on processing which forbids the insertion of two identical functional category signals in a linear sequence. This processing constraint can be seen in at least on other language (Fon)

VER-155008 induced Hsp70 proteins expression in fish cell cultures while impeding replication of two RNA viruses

The final publication is available at Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.001 © 2019. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) inhibitor, VER-155008 (VER), was explored as a potential antiviral agent for two RNA viruses important to fish aquaculture, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Studies were done at a temperature of 14 °C, and with cell lines commonly used to propagate these viruses. These were respectively EPC from fathead minnow for VHSV and CHSE-214 from Chinook salmon embryo for IPNV. Additionally, both viruses were studied with the Atlantic salmon heart endothelial cell line ASHe. For both VHSV and IPNV, 25 μM VER impeded replication. This was evidenced by delays in the development of cytopathic effect (CPE) and the expression of viral proteins, N for VHSV and VP2 for IPNV, and by less production of viral RNA and of viral titre. As VER inhibits the activity of Hsp70 family members, these results suggest that VHSV and IPNV utilize one or more Hsp70s in their life cycles. Yet neither virus induced Hsp70. Surprisingly VER alone induced Hsp70, but whether this induction modulated VER's antiviral effects is unknown. Exploring this apparent paradox in the future should improve the usefulness of VER as an antiviral agent.Natural Science and Engineering Research Council, Grant 468298 - 14Elanco Canada Limite

Projection, Spatial Correlations, and Anisotropies in a Large and Complete Sample of Abell Clusters

An analysis of R >= 1 Abell clusters is presented for samples containing recent redshifts from the MX Northern Abell Cluster Survey. The newly obtained redshifts from the MX Survey as well as those from the ESO Nearby Abell Cluster Survey (ENACS) provide the necessary data for the largest magnitude-limited correlation analysis of rich clusters in the entire sky (excluding the galactic plane) to date. We find 19.4 <= r_0 <= 23.3 h^-1Mpc, -1.92 <= gamma <= -1.83 for four different subsets of Abell/ACO clusters, including a large sample (N=104) of cD clusters. We have used this dataset to look for line-of-sight anisotropies within the Abell/ACO catalogs. We show that the strong anisotropies present in previously studied Abell cluster datasets are not present in our R >= 1 samples. There are, however, indications of residual anisotropies which we show are the result of two elongated superclusters, Ursa Majoris and Corona Borealis, whose axes lie near the line-of-sight. After rotating these superclusters so that their semi-major axes are prependicular to the line-of-sight, we find no anisotropies as indicated by the correlation function. The amplitude and slope of the two-point correlation function remain the same before and after these rotations. We also remove a subset of R = 1 Abell/ACO clusters that show sizable foreground/background galaxy contamination and again find no change in the amplitude or slope of the correlation function. We conclude that the correlation length of R >= 1 Abell clusters is not artificially enhanced by line-of-sight anisotropies.Comment: 37 pages, 8 figures, AASTeX Accepted for publication in Ap

PACAP Is Lethal to Flavobacterium psychrophilum Through Either Direct Membrane Permeabilization or Indirectly, by Priming the Immune Response in Rainbow Trout Macrophages

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that is widely distributed in mammals and is capable of performing roles as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and vasodilator. This polypeptide belongs to the glucagon/secretin superfamily, of which some members have been shown to act as antimicrobial peptides in both mammalian and aquatic organisms. In teleosts, PACAP has been demonstrated to have direct antimicrobial activity against several aquatic pathogens, yet this phenomenon has never been studied throughout a live bacterial challenge. The present study focuses on the influence of synthetic Clarias gariepinus 38 amino acid PACAP on the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage-like cell line, RTS11, when exposed to the coldwater bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. PACAP was shown to have direct antimicrobial activity on F. psychrophilum when grown in both cytophaga broth and cell culture media (L-15). Further, the ability of teleostean PACAP to permeabilize the membrane of an aquatic pathogen, F. psychrophilum, was demonstrated for the first time. The viability of RTS11 when exposed to PACAP was also observed using a trypan blue exclusion assay to determine optimal experimental doses of the antimicrobial peptide. This displayed that only concentrations higher than 0.1 μM negatively impacted RTS11 survival. Interestingly, when RTS11 was pre-treated with PACAP for 24 h before experiencing infection with live F. psychrophilum, growth of the pathogen was severely inhibited in a dose-dependent manner when compared to cells receiving no pre-treatment with the polypeptide. Relative expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6) and PACAP receptors (VPAC1 and PAC1) was also analyzed in RTS11 following PACAP exposure alone and in conjunction with live F. psychrophilum challenge. These qRT-PCR findings revealed that PACAP may have a synergistic effect on RTS11 immune function. The results of this study provide evidence that PACAP has immunostimulatory activity on rainbow trout immune cells as well as antimicrobial activity against aquatic bacterial pathogens such as F. psychrophilum. As there are numerous pathogens that plague the aquaculture industry, PACAP may stimulate the teleost immune system while also providing an efficacious alternative to antibiotic use