11 research outputs found
Correlation Between Chain Architecture and Hydration Water Structure in Polysaccharides
The physical properties of confined
water can differ dramatically
from those of bulk water. Hydration water associated with polysaccharides
provides a particularly interesting example of confined water, because
differences in polysaccharide structure provide different spatially
confined environments for water sorption. We have used attenuated
total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy to investigate the
structure of hydration water in films of three different polysaccharides
under controlled relative humidity (RH) conditions. We compare the
results obtained for films of highly branched, dendrimer-like phytoglycogen
nanoparticles to those obtained for two unbranched polysaccharides,
hyaluronic acid (HA), and chitosan. We find similarities between the
water structuring in the two linear polysaccharides and significant
differences for phytoglycogen. In particular, the results suggest
that the high degree of branching in phytoglycogen leads to a much
more well-ordered water structure (low density, high connectivity
network water), indicating the strong influence of chain architecture
on the structuring of water. These measurements provide unique insight
into the relationship between the structure and hydration of polysaccharides,
which is important for understanding and exploiting these sustainable
nanomaterials in a wide range of applications
Using Nanoscale Substrate Curvature to Control the Dimerization of a Surface-Bound Protein
The influence of surface geometry on adsorbed proteins offers new possibilities for controlling quaternary structure by manipulating protein–protein interactions at a surface, with applications that are relevant to protein aggregation, fibrillation, ligand binding, and surface catalysis. To understand the effect of surface curvature on the structure of the surface-bound protein β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), we have used a combination of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles (NPs) and ultrathin PS films to fabricate chemically pure, hydrophobic surfaces that have nanoscale curvature and are stable in aqueous buffer. We have used single molecule force spectroscopy to measure the detachment contour lengths <i>L</i><sub>c</sub> for β-LG adsorbed on the highly curved PS surfaces, and we compare these values <i>in situ</i> to those measured for β-LG adsorbed on flat PS surfaces on the same samples. The <i>L</i><sub>c</sub> distributions measured on all flat PS surfaces show a large monomer peak near 60 nm and a smaller dimer peak at 120 nm. For 190 and 100 nm diameter NPs, which are effectively flat on the scale of the β-LG molecules, there is no measurable difference between the <i>L</i><sub>c</sub> distributions obtained for the flat and curved surfaces. However, for 60 nm diameter NPs the dimer peak is smaller, and for 25 nm diameter NPs the dimer peak is absent, indicating that the number of surface-bound dimers is significantly reduced by an increase in the curvature of the underlying surface. These results indicate that surface curvature provides a new method of manipulating protein–protein interactions and controlling the quaternary structure of adsorbed proteins
Efficient Modeling of High-Generation Dendrimers in Solution Using Dynamical Self-Consistent Field Theory
We
extend dynamical self-consistent field theory (dSCFT) to large,
nonlinear polymer chains to simulate the evolution of high-generation
dendrimers in a solvent. Because the number of beads N within these bead–spring dendrimers is very large, we introduce
a numerical technique to efficiently analyze the Rouse modes of the
dendrimer through a decomposition of the dendrimer into many smaller
subchains, achieving a significant improvement, from O(N2) to O(N), in the scaling of the simulation time
for the Rouse motion of the dendrimer. By adjusting the strength of
the interaction between dendrimer and solvent beads, we obtain qualitative
and quantitative agreement with the core-chain morphology, 22 nm radius,
and high degree of hydration measured experimentally using small-angle
neutron scattering for 11-generation, glucose-based phytoglycogen
dendrimers in water, validating dSCFT in this context
Equilibrium Swelling, Interstitial Forces, and Water Structuring in Phytoglycogen Nanoparticle Films
Phytoglycogen
is a highly branched polymer of glucose that forms
dendrimeric nanoparticles. This special structure leads to a strong
interaction with water that produces exceptional properties such as
high water retention, low viscosity, and high stability of aqueous
dispersions. We have used ellipsometry at controlled relative humidity
(RH) to measure the equilibrium swelling of ultrathin films of phytoglycogen,
which directly probes the interstitial forces acting within the films.
Comparison of the swelling behavior of films of highly branched phytoglycogen
to that of other glucose-based polysaccharides shows that the chain
architecture plays an important role in determining both the strong,
short-range repulsion of the chains at low RH and the repulsive hydration
forces at high RH. In particular, the length scale λ<sub>0</sub> that characterizes the exponentially decaying hydration forces provides
a quantitative, RH-independent measure of film swelling that differs
significantly for different glucose-based polysaccharides. By combining
ellipsometry with infrared spectroscopy, we have determined the relationship
between water structuring and inter-chain separation in the highly
branched phytoglycogen nanoparticles, with maintenance of a high degree
of water structure as the film swells significantly at high RH. These
insights into the structure–hydration relationship for phytoglycogen
are essential to the development of new products and technologies
based on this sustainable nanomaterial
Direct in Situ Observation of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes during the Biodegradation of Crystalline Cellulose Fibers
High-resolution atomic force microscopy
(AFM) was used to image
the real-time in situ degradation of crystalline by three types of <i>T. reesei</i> cellulolytic enzymesî—¸TrCel6A, TrCel7A,
and TrCel7Bî—¸and their mixtures. TrCel6A and TrCel7A are exo-acting
cellobiohydrolases processing cellulose fibers from the nonreducing
and reducing ends, respectively. TrCel7B is an endoglucanase that
hydrolyzes amorphous cellulose within fibers. When acting alone on
native cellulose fibers, each of the three enzymes is incapable of
significant degradation. However, mixtures of two enzymes exhibited
synergistic effects. The degradation effects of this synergism depended
on the order in which the enzymes were added. Faster hydrolysis rates
were observed when TrCel7A (exo) was added to fibers pretreated first
with TrCel7B (endo) than when adding the enzymes in the opposite order.
Endo<i>-</i>acting TrCel7B removed amorphous cellulose,
softened and swelled the fibers, and exposed single microfibrils,
facilitating the attack by the exo-acting enzymes. AFM images revealed
that exo-acting enzymes processed the TrCel7B-pretreated fibers preferentially
from one specific end (reducing or nonreducing). The most efficient
(almost 100%) hydrolysis was observed with the mixture of the three
enzymes. In this mixture, TrCel7B softened the fiber and TrCel6A and
TrCel7A were directly observed to process it from the two opposing
ends. This study provides high-resolution direct visualization of
the nature of the synergistic relation between <i>T. reesei </i>exo- and endo-acting enzymes digesting native crystalline cellulose
Direct in Situ Observation of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes during the Biodegradation of Crystalline Cellulose Fibers
High-resolution atomic force microscopy
(AFM) was used to image
the real-time in situ degradation of crystalline by three types of <i>T. reesei</i> cellulolytic enzymesî—¸TrCel6A, TrCel7A,
and TrCel7Bî—¸and their mixtures. TrCel6A and TrCel7A are exo-acting
cellobiohydrolases processing cellulose fibers from the nonreducing
and reducing ends, respectively. TrCel7B is an endoglucanase that
hydrolyzes amorphous cellulose within fibers. When acting alone on
native cellulose fibers, each of the three enzymes is incapable of
significant degradation. However, mixtures of two enzymes exhibited
synergistic effects. The degradation effects of this synergism depended
on the order in which the enzymes were added. Faster hydrolysis rates
were observed when TrCel7A (exo) was added to fibers pretreated first
with TrCel7B (endo) than when adding the enzymes in the opposite order.
Endo<i>-</i>acting TrCel7B removed amorphous cellulose,
softened and swelled the fibers, and exposed single microfibrils,
facilitating the attack by the exo-acting enzymes. AFM images revealed
that exo-acting enzymes processed the TrCel7B-pretreated fibers preferentially
from one specific end (reducing or nonreducing). The most efficient
(almost 100%) hydrolysis was observed with the mixture of the three
enzymes. In this mixture, TrCel7B softened the fiber and TrCel6A and
TrCel7A were directly observed to process it from the two opposing
ends. This study provides high-resolution direct visualization of
the nature of the synergistic relation between <i>T. reesei </i>exo- and endo-acting enzymes digesting native crystalline cellulose
Direct in Situ Observation of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes during the Biodegradation of Crystalline Cellulose Fibers
High-resolution atomic force microscopy
(AFM) was used to image
the real-time in situ degradation of crystalline by three types of <i>T. reesei</i> cellulolytic enzymesî—¸TrCel6A, TrCel7A,
and TrCel7Bî—¸and their mixtures. TrCel6A and TrCel7A are exo-acting
cellobiohydrolases processing cellulose fibers from the nonreducing
and reducing ends, respectively. TrCel7B is an endoglucanase that
hydrolyzes amorphous cellulose within fibers. When acting alone on
native cellulose fibers, each of the three enzymes is incapable of
significant degradation. However, mixtures of two enzymes exhibited
synergistic effects. The degradation effects of this synergism depended
on the order in which the enzymes were added. Faster hydrolysis rates
were observed when TrCel7A (exo) was added to fibers pretreated first
with TrCel7B (endo) than when adding the enzymes in the opposite order.
Endo<i>-</i>acting TrCel7B removed amorphous cellulose,
softened and swelled the fibers, and exposed single microfibrils,
facilitating the attack by the exo-acting enzymes. AFM images revealed
that exo-acting enzymes processed the TrCel7B-pretreated fibers preferentially
from one specific end (reducing or nonreducing). The most efficient
(almost 100%) hydrolysis was observed with the mixture of the three
enzymes. In this mixture, TrCel7B softened the fiber and TrCel6A and
TrCel7A were directly observed to process it from the two opposing
ends. This study provides high-resolution direct visualization of
the nature of the synergistic relation between <i>T. reesei </i>exo- and endo-acting enzymes digesting native crystalline cellulose
Infrared Studies of the Potential Controlled Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate at the Au(111) Electrode Surface
Quantitative subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier
transform
infrared reflection spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS) was used to determine
the conformation and orientation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) molecules
adsorbed at the single crystal Au(111) surface. The SDS molecules
form a hemimicellar/hemicylindrical (phase I) structure for the range
of potentials between −200 ≤ <i>E</i> <
450 mV and condensed (phase II) film for electrode potentials ≥500
mV vs Ag/AgCl. The SNIFTIRS measurements indicate that the alkyl chains
within the two adsorbed states of SDS film are in the liquid-crystalline
state rather than the gel state. However, the sulfate headgroup is
in an oriented state in phase I and is disordered in phase II. The
newly acquired SNIFTIR spectroscopy measurements were coupled with
previous electrochemical, atomic force microscopy, and neutron reflectivity
data to improve the current existing models of the SDS film adsorbed
on the Au(111) surface. The IR data support the existence of a hemicylindrical
film for SDS molecules adsorbed at the Au(111) surface in phase I
and suggest that the structure of the condensed film in phase II can
be more accurately modeled by a disordered bilayer
Electrochemical and PM-IRRAS Characterization of Cholera Toxin Binding at a Model Biological Membrane
A mixed phospholipid-cholestrol bilayer, with cholera
toxin B (CTB)
units attached to the monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) binding
sites in the distal leaflet, was deposited on a Au(111) electrode
surface. Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy
(PM-IRRAS) measurements were used to characterize structural and orientational
changes in this model biological membrane upon binding CTB and the
application of the electrode potential. The data presented in this
article show that binding cholera toxin to the membrane leads to an
overall increase in the tilt angle of the fatty acid chains; however,
the conformation of the bilayer remains relatively constant as indicated
by the small decrease in the total number of gauche conformers of
acyl tails. In addition, the bound toxin caused a significant decrease
in the hydration of the ester group contained within the lipid bilayer.
Furthermore, changes in the applied potential had a minimal effect
on the overall structure of the membrane. In contrast, our results
showed significant voltage-dependent changes in the average orientation
of the protein α-helices that may correspond to the voltage-gated
opening and closing of the central pore that resides within the B
subunit of cholera toxin
Real-Time Observation of the Swelling and Hydrolysis of a Single Crystalline Cellulose Fiber Catalyzed by Cellulase 7B from <i>Trichoderma reesei</i>
The biodegradation of cellulose involves the enzymatic
action of
cellulases (endoglucanases), cellobiohydrolases (exoglucanases), and
β-glucosidases that act synergistically. The rate and efficiency
of enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose in vitro decline
markedly with time, limiting the large-scale, cost-effective production
of cellulosic biofuels. Several factors have been suggested to contribute
to this phenomenon, but there is considerable disagreement regarding
the relative importance of each. These earlier investigations were
hampered by the inability to observe the disruption of crystalline
cellulose and its subsequent hydrolysis directly. Here, we show the
application of high-resolution atomic force microscopy to observe
the swelling of a single crystalline cellulose fiber and its-hydrolysis
in real time directly as catalyzed by a single cellulase, the industrially
important cellulase 7B from <i>Trichoderma reesei</i>. Volume
changes, the root-mean-square roughness, and rates of hydrolysis of
the surfaces of single fibers were determined directly from the images
acquired over time. Hydrolysis dominated the early stage of the experiment,
and swelling dominated the later stage. The high-resolution images
revealed that the combined action of initial hydrolysis followed by
swelling exposed individual microfibrils and bundles of microfibrils,
resulting in the loosening of the fiber structure and the exposure
of microfibrils at the fiber surface. Both the hydrolysis and swelling
were catalyzed by the native cellulase; under the same conditions,
its isolated carbohydrate-binding module did not cause changes to
crystalline cellulose. We anticipate that the application of our AFM-based
analysis on other cellulolytic enzymes, alone and in combination,
will provide significant insight into the process of cellulose biodegradation
and greatly facilitate its application for the efficient and economical
production of cellulosic ethanol