Staging of CST degeneration in ALS.

<p>The figure illustrates the IHC staging used to grade the extent of microglial activation (CD68, Iba1) and axonal loss (MBP, KB, NF) in the CST of ALS patients. Images are taken from the lateral portion of the cervical CST. KB  =  Kluver-Barrera, MBP =  myelin basic protein, NF  =  neurofilaments (TA51). Large images were taken with 4× objective, Scale bar is 1.0 mm. Small insert images were taken with 60× objective. Small insert image for CD68 stage “0” shows prominent neuronal nuclei, but no activated microglia.</p

Microglial pathology and progression of disease.

<p>Bar plot shows microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (a) and Iba1 (b) in ALS patients with a fast and a slow progression of disease. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC  =  cervical spinal cord, grey  =  grey matter, LSC  =  lumbar spinal cord, Mot  =  motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), Med  =  medulla oblongata, wh  =  white matter.</p

Microglial pathology, TDP-43, and neuro-axonal loss in the neuraxis of ALS.

<p>Bar plots show extent of microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (a) and Iba1 (b) as well as TDP-43 pathology (c) and myelin loss as an indirect measure of axonal loss (d) in different regions of the neuraxis of ALS. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC  =  cervical spinal cord, grey  =  grey matter, LSC  =  lumbar spinal cord, Med  =  medulla oblongata, motor  =  motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), white  =  white matter.</p

Microglial pathology in ALS with/without <i>C9ORF72</i> repeat expansion.

<p>Bar plot shows microglial pathology as detected by staining for CD68 (above) and Iba1 (below) in ALS patients with and without presence of a <i>C9ORF72</i> repeat expansion. For the spinal cord sections, the grey matter examined was the anterior horn and the white matter examined was the anterior and lateral portion of the CST. Whiskers in bar plot indicate 95% confidence interval of mean. CSC  =  cervical spinal cord, gr  =  grey matter, LSC  =  lumbar spinal cord, Mot  =  motor cortex (gyrus praecentralis), Med  =  medulla oblongata, wh  =  white.</p

Demographic data of ALS autopsy cases included in this study.

<p>ALSFRS-R  =  revised ALS functional rating scale, MRCS  =  Medical Research Council Sumscore, NS  =  not significant, UMN  =  upper motor neuron, S  =  statistical significance.</p

Characteristics of subjects included in the study.

<p>Characteristics of subjects included in the study.</p

Scatterplot showing log-transformed total-tau/Aβ₄₂ ratio and power-transformed SPARE-AD (A) and power transformed SPARE-AD and ADAS-Cog score (B).

<p>The marginal box plots on x-axis represent the distribution of the power transformed SPARE-AD and the marginal box-plots on the y-axis represent the t-tau/Aβ₄₂ ratio (A) and ADAS-Cog (B) values.</p

Regression of cortisol without adjustment (A), with adjustment for age (B) and with adjustment for age and clinical diagnosis (C), against regional grey matter (GM) volumes.

<p>The color scale represents in blue a decrease in GM volumes associated to a increase levels of the biomarker in plasma. White matter changes (in red) indicate abnormal brain tissue, commonly associated with leukoaraiosis.</p

Regression of MIP-1α without (A), with adjustment for age (B) and with adjustment for age and clinical diagnosis (C), against grey matter (GM) volumes.

<p>The color scale represents in blue a decrease in GM volumes associated to increased levels of the biomarker in plasma. White matter changes (in red) indicate abnormal periventricular brain tissue, commonly associated with leukoaraiosis.</p

Unstandardized coefficients derived from multiple regression models studying the association between RBM plasma analytes and SPARE AD adjusted for clinical diagnosis, age, and APOE ε4 presence.

<p>Unstandardized coefficients derived from multiple regression models studying the association between RBM plasma analytes and SPARE AD adjusted for clinical diagnosis, age, and APOE ε4 presence.</p