HEMAGLUTINAÇÃO DOS ERITRÓCITOS DE MAMÍFEROS POR CEPAS DE VÍRUS DA DOENÇA DE NEWCASTLE ISOLADOS NA NIGÉRIA CENTRAL

The haemagglutinability of mammalian erythrocytes by field and vaccine strains of theNewcastle disease virus was assessed. Variability in the pattern of agglutination of thevarious specie erythrocytes was observed. Whereas noticeable differences in the patternof agglutination between field virus and vaccine strains were not apparent, differencesbetween the velogenic and non-velogenic strains was observed. The possibility ofdeveloping haemagglutinability tests using mammalian erythrocytes for rapid straindifferentiation in less developed laboratories is discussed.A hemaglutinação dos eritrócitos de mamíferos por cepas de campo e vacinais do vírusda doença de Newcastle foi avaliada. Foi verificado variabilidade no modelo deaglutinação entre as várias espécies. Embora diferenças perceptíveis no padrão deaglutinação entre vírus de campo e cepas vacinais não tenham sido evidentes, diferençasentre as cepas velogénicas e não velogénicas foram observadas. A possibilidade dedesenvolvimento de testes hemaglutinação utilizando eritrócitos de mamíferos para arápida diferenciação de cepas em laboratórios menos desenvolvidos é aqui discutida

Gender and age specific prevalence and associated risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus

SUMMAR

HEMAGLUTINAÇÃO DOS ERITRÓCITOS DE MAMÍFEROS POR CEPAS DE VÍRUS DA DOENÇA DE NEWCASTLE ISOLADOS NA NIGÉRIA CENTRAL

The haemagglutinability of mammalian erythrocytes by field and vaccine strains of theNewcastle disease virus was assessed. Variability in the pattern of agglutination of thevarious specie erythrocytes was observed. Whereas noticeable differences in the patternof agglutination between field virus and vaccine strains were not apparent, differencesbetween the velogenic and non-velogenic strains was observed. The possibility ofdeveloping haemagglutinability tests using mammalian erythrocytes for rapid straindifferentiation in less developed laboratories is discussed.A hemaglutinação dos eritrócitos de mamíferos por cepas de campo e vacinais do vírusda doença de Newcastle foi avaliada. Foi verificado variabilidade no modelo deaglutinação entre as várias espécies. Embora diferenças perceptíveis no padrão deaglutinação entre vírus de campo e cepas vacinais não tenham sido evidentes, diferençasentre as cepas velogénicas e não velogénicas foram observadas. A possibilidade dedesenvolvimento de testes hemaglutinação utilizando eritrócitos de mamíferos para arápida diferenciação de cepas em laboratórios menos desenvolvidos é aqui discutida

Genetic variant of canine distemper virus from clinical cases in vaccinated dogs in South Africa

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen of worldwide distribution that can cause lethal disease in domestic dogs and other members of the family Canidae. Genetic diversity is found among reference strains and isolates of CDV, mainly in the haemagglutinin (H) protein, and this may be associated with the increasing incidence of distemper in dogs. CDV was isolated in Vero cells expressing canine signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (Vero.DogSLAM) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spleen of clinically diseased, previously vaccinated South African dogs. Direct fluorescence antibody test and electronmicroscopy were used to confirm the isolation procedure. Subsequently, RT-PCR was performed on the cell culture isolates, the amplified products were purified and the complete H gene was sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. The H gene of vaccines in use in South Africa was also sequenced and comparative analyses performed. However, the sequences obtained from the sick dogs showed 100% nucleotide identity and was different to that found in virus strains used in vaccines and in isolates reported from other parts of the world in GenBank. The results suggest that a novel CDV lineage may be present in South Africa and we conclude that a recent reversion of vaccine virus to virulence was not the cause of the clinical signs seen in dogs with a previous history of vaccination

Genomic comparison of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Nigeria between 2002 and 2015 reveals circulation of highly diverse genotypes and spillover into wild birds

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a wide avian host range and a high degree of genetic variability, and virulent strains cause Newcastle disease (ND), a worldwide concern for poultry health. Although NDV has been studied in Nigeria, genetic information about the viruses involved in the endemicity of the disease and the transmission that likely occurs at the poultry-wildlife interface is still largely incomplete. Next-generation and Sanger sequencing was performed to provide complete (n = 73) and partial genomic sequence data (n = 38) for NDV isolates collected from domestic and wild birds in Nigeria during 2002-2015, including the first complete genome sequences of genotype IV and subgenotype VIh from the African continent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that viruses of seven different genotypes circulated in that period, demonstrating high genetic diversity of NDV for a single country. In addition, a high degree of similarity between NDV isolates from domestic and wild birds was observed, suggesting that spillovers had occurred, including to three species that had not previously been shown to be susceptible to NDV infection. Furthermore, the first spillover of a mesogenic Komarov vaccine virus is documented, suggesting a previous spillover and evolution of this virus. The similarities between viruses from poultry and multiple bird species and the lack of evidence for host adaptation in codon usage suggest that transmission of NDV between poultry and non-poultry birds occurred recently. This is especially significant when considering that some viruses were isolated from species of conservation concern. The high diversity of NDV observed in both domestic and wild birds in Nigeria emphasizes the need for active surveillance and epidemiology of NDV in all bird species.Online Resource 1 Maximum composite likelihood tree with no collapsed branches, constructed using complete fusion gene coding sequences. Genotypes and subgenotypes of viruses are presented with Roman numerals and lowercase letters in each taxon name.Online Resource 2 Maximum composite likelihood tree constructed using complete genome coding sequences. Genotypes and subgenotypes of viruses are presented with Roman numerals and lowercase letters in each taxon name. Red lettering indicates viruses sequenced for this study.Online Resource 3 List of sequences used for the maximum composite likelihood tree constructed using complete fusion gene coding sequences (Fig. 2, Online Resource 1). Isolates indicated in bold were sequenced for this study.Online Resource 4 List of sequences used for the maximum composite likelihood tree constructed using complete gene coding sequences (Online Resource 2). Isolates indicated in bold were sequenced for this study.Online Resource 5 Complete genome relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values among poultry and wild bird viruses.Online Resource 6 Number of codons used in the reference Gallus gallus dataset as implemented in DAMBE.The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and supported by the USDA Current Research Information System (CRIS) (number 6612-32000-072-00D) and partially funded by The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) (FRCALL12-6-2-0015).http://link.springer.com/journal/7052020-08-01hj2019Production Animal Studie