The Supply of Volunteer Labor: Focusing on Board Members

Understanding the types of people who volunteer is an important part of understanding why people volunteer and the indications of what could make others volunteer. First, understanding the types of volunteers, specifically board members, provides the needed background and overall understanding of volunteering. This information could lead to a stronger idea of how to recruit volunteers. I will also update R. B. Freeman’s results which used 1989 CPS data compared to 2014 CPS data. I find that the 2014 CPS provides similar results compared to Freeman’s. We both found individuals are more likely to volunteer if their characteristics are associated with high values of time. I extend the regression model to focus my study on board volunteers. I find that individuals are more likely to board volunteer,if their characteristics are associated with high values of time

Drug Management of Epilepsy: Current Problems and the Possible Role of Calcium Antagonists

Prologue and Introduction Epilepsy is a disease which has struck fear into the hearts of both sufferers and onlookers for many centuries. Only in the past hundred years or so has effective medication become available, and medical management still relies on a small group of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These can often abolish seizures, and very frequently diminish their frequency such that patients can enjoy a normal life-style. A significant minority of patients, however, do not respond satisfactorily. Combining different drugs is complicated by their sharing the same side-effect - sedation - which seems more additive than does any therapeutic effect. It is for the benefit of these patients with refractory epilepsy that research continues, to improve our use of the present AEDs, and to find new drugs which might, when used alone or in combination, improve their lot. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) In Chapter 1, current use of TDM in the epilepsy clinic is analysed. By recording physicians' decisions both before and after serum anticonvulsant concentrations were made available at 488 clinic visits, we found that management decisions were affected at 23% of these consultations. However, physicians did not appear to follow a "target concentration strategy" as a high proportion of results (26%) in the "target range" were followed by a change in dosage. A drawback with the "target concentration strategy" was highlighted by the correlation between carbamazepine concentration and time since dosing (P< 0.005). The possible benefits of an approach combining clinical and biochemical information are discussed. Cognitive function In Chapter 2, the effects of many AEDs on mental function are assessed. Deterioration in "cognitive" or "psychomotor" abilities is a generally recognised side-effect of all current AEDs. However, most evidence compares patients taking AEDs with healthy volunteers, the effect on mental function of the disease itself thus being uncontrolled. Other studies show short term deterioration in volunteers given AEDs for a limited period, or in patients abruptly taking an increased dose. These respectively fail to allow for any beneficial effect which controlling seizures might have on mental function, and the effect of tolerance to the drugs' side-effects. In EXPT. 2, 66 patients on AED therapy performed a battery of psychomotor function tests, and their results were compared with those of 14 untreated epileptic patients and 11 healthy controls. A clear "step-wise" deterioration in function was seen with reaction times, short-term memory, card-sorting, and finger-tapping speeds. Untreated epileptics fared worse than controls (P <0.05 - P <0.001) but better than treated patients (P< 0.05 -P <0.01). This demonstrated the deliterious effect of epilepsy itself. The drugs may aggravate this, though clearly the treated patients had more severe epilepsy. No differences were found between the individual drugs. In EXPT. 3, the effect of tolerance was demonstrated in a small group (n=13) of new patients commenced on carbamazepine. After an initial deterioration in reaction time (P<0.05) and finger-tapping (P< 0.001) at one week, these abilities returned to normal by twelve weeks, while mean serum concentrations of carbamazepine only fell from 8.5 mg/L to 7.1 mg/L. The relevance of short-term cognitive deterioration demonstrated in many studies is thus brought into question. Since diurnal variation in serum concentrations has been shown to correlate with carbamazepine neurotoxicity, EXPT. 4 tested the pharmacokinetics of a controlled-release preparation (Tegretol Retard, CBZ-CR). Eight healthy volunteers took this and conventional carbamazepine 200mg bd for two weeks in a double-blind, crossover fashion. Serum concentrations "plateaued" for 56h after single dose CBZ-CR, while chronic dosing resulted in diurnal fluctuation of only 12% compared with 24% on conventional carbamazepine (P <0.025), and produced less rapid changes in concentration (P< 0.02). Enzyme induction appeared similar with both preparations, but the bioavailability of CBZ-CR was possibly slightly lower. The "smoother" pharmacokinetic profile of CBZ-CR did not produce a detectable improvement in psychomotor function. Enzyme induction Many AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone) induce an increase in hepatic metabolising enzyme activity. This results in accelerated metabolism of the drugs themselves, of some other drugs which undergo oxidative metabolism, and of endogenous hormones. The clinical implications of this last aspect remain unclear. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

Follow-up study of the 1935, and 1937 graduating classes of Boston University, School of Education

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1949. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Morphological Evolution: By Any Means Necessary?

Recent debate has focused on the role of cis-regulatory mutations in the evolution of genes controlling morphology. Identification of the molecular basis of naturally occurring variation in leaf hair (trichome) density in Arabidopsis, combined with earlier work in the same system, sheds light on this debate. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Compelled Production of Encrypted Data

There is a myth that shadowy and powerful government agencies can crack the encryption software that criminals use to protect computers filled with child pornography and stolen credit card numbers. The reality is that cheap or free encryption programs can place protected data beyond law enforcement\u27s reach. If courts seriously mean to protect the victims of Internet crime--all too often children--then Congress must adopt a legal mechanism to remedy the technological deficiency. To date, police and prosecutors have relied on subpoenas to either compel defendants to produce their password, or to decipher their protected data. This technique has been met with mixed success. A better solution would be to couple a subpoena for the deciphered data with a warrant that specifies what and how to search. If the defendant refuses to produce the deciphered data, he can be held in contempt. Where handing over protected data means the certainty of a lengthy prison sentence, some defendants will prefer contempt to compliance. Therefore, the court needs an additional legal mechanism to allow fact-finders to look into protected data. This Article proposes that when a defendant refuses to comply with a court order to produce deciphered data, the court should be able to issue a missing evidence instruction as a surrogate for actual inspection. If a warrant, a subpoena, and a contempt order cannot induce a defendant to decrypt his data, courts should issue an instruction that the fact-finder may presume that the missing data is incriminating