6 research outputs found
Low Valence Cation Doping of Bulk Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>: Charge Compensation and Oxygen Vacancy Formation
The different oxidation states of
chromium allow its bulk oxide
form to be reducible, facilitating the oxygen vacancy formation process,
which is a key property in applications such as catalysis. Similar
to other useful oxides such as TiO<sub>2</sub>, and CeO<sub>2</sub>, the effect of substitutional metal dopants in bulk Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and its effect on the electronic structure and oxygen
vacancy formation are of interest, particularly in enhancing the latter.
In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) calculations with a
Hubbard + U correction (DFT+U) applied to the Cr 3d and O 2p states,
are carried out on pure and metal-doped bulk Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to examine the effect of doping on the electronic and geometric
structure. The role of dopants in enhancing the reducibility of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is examined to promote oxygen vacancy formation.
The dopants are Mg, Cu, Ni, and Zn, which have a formal +2 oxidation
state in their bulk oxides. Given this difference in host and dopant
oxidation states, we show that to predict the correct ground state
two metal dopants charge compensated with an oxygen vacancy are required.
The second oxygen atom removed is termed “the active”
oxygen vacancy and it is the energy required to remove this atom that
is related to the reduction process. In all cases, we find that substitutional
doping improves the oxygen vacancy formation of bulk Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> by lowering the energy cost
Spinel-Structured ZnCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with Excess Zn Is the Active ZnO/Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst for High-Temperature Methanol Synthesis
A series
of ZnO/Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts with different
Zn:Cr ratios was prepared by coprecipitation at a constant pH of 7
and applied in methanol synthesis at 260–300 °C and 60
bar. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the calcined
catalysts with ratios from 65:35 to 55:45 consist of ZnCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel with a low degree of crystallinity. For catalysts
with Zn:Cr ratios smaller than 1, the formation of chromates was observed
in agreement with temperature-programmed reduction results. Raman
and XRD results did not provide evidence for the presence of segregated
ZnO, indicating the existence of Zn-rich nonstoichiometric Zn–Cr
spinel in the calcined catalyst. The catalyst with Zn:Cr = 65:35 exhibits
the best performance in methanol synthesis. The Zn:Cr ratio of this
catalyst corresponds to that of the Zn<sub>4</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>12</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> precursor with hydrotalcite-like structure
obtained by coprecipitation, which is converted during calcination
into a nonstoichiometric Zn–Cr spinel with an optimum amount
of oxygen vacancies resulting in high activity in methanol synthesis.
Density functional theory calculations are used to examine the formation
of oxygen vacancies and to measure the reducibility of the methanol
synthesis catalysts. Doping Cr into bulk and the (10–10) surface
of ZnO does not enhance the reducibility of ZnO, confirming that Cr:ZnO
cannot be the active phase. The (100) surface of the ZnCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel has a favorable oxygen vacancy formation energy
of 1.58 eV. Doping this surface with excess Zn charge-balanced by
oxygen vacancies to give a 60% Zn content yields a catalyst composed
of an amorphous ZnO layer supported on the spinel with high reducibility,
confirming this as the active phase for the methanol synthesis catalyst
Means, Standard Deviations, and Score Minima/Maxima for Key Variables.
<p>Means, Standard Deviations, and Score Minima/Maxima for Key Variables.</p
Predictors of hospitalization in patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19 in Ireland: data from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance registry
Objectives
Given the limited data regarding the risk of hospitalization in patients with rheumatic disease and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Ireland, we used the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance (GRA) registry data to study outcomes and their predictors. The primary objective was to explore potential predictors of hospitalization.
Methods
We examined data on patients and their disease-related characteristics entered in the COVID-19 GRA provider registry from Ireland (from 24 March 2020 to 31 August 2020). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of demographic and clinical characteristics with hospitalization.
Results
Of 105 patients, 47 (45.6%) were hospitalized and 10 (9.5%) died. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01, 1.10], number of co-morbidities (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.11, 3.35) and glucocorticoid use (OR = 15.01, 95% CI 1.77, 127.16) were significantly associated with hospitalization. A diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis was associated with lower odds of hospitalization (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.32).
Conclusion
Increasing age, co-morbidity burden and glucocorticoid use were associated with hospitalization, whereas a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis was associated with lower odds of hospitalization