Distribution of weights of bollworm larvae recovered from two different Bollgard® varieties

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Development of bollworms, , on two commercial Bollgard® cultivars that differ in overall Cry1Ac levels"</p><p>Journal of Insect Science 2004;4():-.</p><p>Published online 8 Oct 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC1081566.</p><p>Copyright © 2004. Open access; copyright is maintained by the authors.</p> Overall expression of cv. NuCOTN 33B was 300% greater than cv. DP 50B

Visualization 1: Laser system for identification, tracking, and control of flying insects

Video of Tracking Originally published in Optics Express on 30 May 2016 (oe-24-11-11828

Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on Honey Bee Colony Growth and Activity at Three Sites in the U.S.

<div><p>Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid pesticide heavily used by the agricultural industry and shown to have negative impacts on honey bees above certain concentrations. We evaluated the effects of different imidacloprid concentrations in sugar syrup using cage and field studies, and across different environments. Honey bee colonies fed sublethal concentrations of imidicloprid (0, 5, 20 and 100 ppb) over 6 weeks in field trials at a desert site (Arizona), a site near intensive agriculture (Arkansas) and a site with little nearby agriculture but abundant natural forage (Mississippi) were monitored with respect to colony metrics, such as adult bee and brood population sizes, as well as pesticide residues. Hive weight and internal hive temperature were monitored continuously over two trials in Arizona. Colonies fed 100 ppb imidacloprid in Arizona had significantly lower adult bee populations, brood surface areas and average frame weights, and reduced temperature control, compared to colonies in one or more of the other treatment groups, and consumption rates of those colonies were lower compared to other colonies in Arizona and Arkansas, although no differences in capped brood or average frame weight were observed among treatments in Arkansas. At the Mississippi site, also rich in alternative forage, colonies fed 5 ppb imidacloprid had less capped brood than control colonies, but contamination of control colonies was detected. In contrast, significantly higher daily hive weight variability among colonies fed 5 ppb imidacloprid in Arizona suggested greater foraging activity during a nectar flow post treatment, than any other treatment group. Imidacloprid concentrations in stored honey corresponded well with the respective syrup concentrations fed to the colonies and remained stable within the hive for at least 7 months after the end of treatment.</p></div

Amplitudes of sine curves fit to detrended hourly hive internal temperature data.

<p>Data were collected during winter (Dec. 2014 to Feb. 2015) from honey bee colonies fed sugar syrup containing either 100 ppb, 5 ppb or 0 ppb imidacloprid during July-Aug. 2014.</p

Average daily consumption per day per honey bees.

<p>Adult honey bees were kept in cages and fed sugar syrup with imidacloprid concentrations of either 100 ppb, 20 ppb, 5 ppb or 0 ppb. Each cage was stocked with 100 bees (7–8 cages per group). A) Experiment conducted Sept-Oct. 2014 (no 20 ppb treatment); B) Experiment conducted Aug.-Sept. 2015.</p

Coumaphos and imidacloprid concentrations, in ppb, detected in honey and adult bees before start of treatment (16 July) and after 32 days (17 Aug.) in Mississippi with respect to treatment group.

<p>Coumaphos and imidacloprid concentrations, in ppb, detected in honey and adult bees before start of treatment (16 July) and after 32 days (17 Aug.) in Mississippi with respect to treatment group.</p

Internal temperature data for honey bee colonies fed contaminated sugar syrup.

<p>The syrup contained either 100 ppb, 20 ppb, 5 ppb or 0 ppb imidacloprid during July-Aug. 2015. A) Amplitudes of sine curves fit to detrended hourly internal temperature data; B) Average daily hive temperature.</p

Adult bee populations (kg) for honey bee colonies fed contaminated sugar syrup.

<p>The syrup had imidacloprid concentrations of either 100 ppb, 5 ppb or 0 ppb (four colonies per group), in southern Arizona. A) Experiment initiated in 2014; B) Experiment initiated in 2015. Gray zone indicates treatment period. * indicates that masses were estimated using detrended weight amplitudes (see Meikle et al. 2016) rather than inspection data.</p

Average amplitudes of sine curves fit to detrended hourly hive weight data.

<p>Data were collected during a nectar flow in Sept.-Oct. 2014 from bee colonies given sugar syrup containing imidacloprid concentrations of either 100 ppb, 5 ppb or 0 ppb (four colonies per group), in southern Arizona.</p

Hourly hive weight over time for honey bee colonies given sugar syrup with imidacloprid.

<p>The syrup had imidacloprid concentrations of either 100 ppb, 5 ppb or 0 ppb (four colonies per group), in southern Arizona. A) Experiment initiated in 2014; B) Experiment initiated in 2015. Gray zone indicates treatment period.</p