Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry

This article involved a broad search of applied sciences for milestone technologies we deem to be the most significant innovations applied by the North American pork industry, during the past 10 to 12 years. Several innovations shifted the trajectory of improvement or resolved significant production limitations. Each is being integrated into practice, with the exception being gene editing technology, which is undergoing the federal approval process. Advances in molecular genomics have been applied to gene editing for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and to identify piglet genome contributions from each parent. Post-cervical artificial insemination technology is not novel, but this technology is now used extensively to accelerate the rate of genetic progress. A milestone was achieved with the discovery that dietary essential fatty acids, during lactation, were limiting reproduction. Their provision resulted in a dose-related response for pregnancy, pregnancy maintenance and litter size, especially in maturing sows and ultimately resolved seasonal infertility. The benefit of segregated early weaning (12 to 14 days of age) was realized for specific pathogen removal for genetic nucleus and multiplication. Application was premature for commercial practice, as piglet mortality and morbidity increased. Early weaning impairs intestinal barrier and mucosal innate immune development, which coincides with diminished resilience to pathogens and viability later in life. Two important milestones were achieved to improve precision nutrition for growing pigs. The first involved the updated publication of the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs, a collaboration between scientists from America and Canada. Precision nutrition advanced further when ingredient description, for metabolically available amino acids and net energy (by source plant), became a private sector nutrition product. The past decade also led to fortuitous discoveries of health-improving components in ingredients (xylanase, soybeans). Finally, two technologies converged to facilitate timely detection of multiple pathogens in a population: oral fluids sampling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pathogen analysis. Most critical diseases in North America are now routinely monitored by oral fluid sampling and prepared for analysis using PCR methods

Carbon Monoxide and Heme Oxygenase-1 Prevent Intestinal Inflammation in Mice by Promoting Bacterial Clearance

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its metabolic by-product, carbon monoxide (CO), protect against intestinal inflammation in experimental models of colitis, but little is known about their intestinal immune mechanisms. We investigated the interactions among CO, HO-1, and the enteric microbiota in mice and zebrafish

Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry

This article involved a broad search of applied sciences for milestone technologies we deem to be the most significant innovations applied by the North American pork industry, during the past 10 to 12 years. Several innovations shifted the trajectory of improvement or resolved significant production limitations. Each is being integrated into practice, with the exception being gene editing technology, which is undergoing the federal approval process. Advances in molecular genomics have been applied to gene editing for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and to identify piglet genome contributions from each parent. Post-cervical artificial insemination technology is not novel, but this technology is now used extensively to accelerate the rate of genetic progress. A milestone was achieved with the discovery that dietary essential fatty acids, during lactation, were limiting reproduction. Their provision resulted in a dose-related response for pregnancy, pregnancy maintenance and litter size, especially in maturing sows and ultimately resolved seasonal infertility. The benefit of segregated early weaning (12 to 14 days of age) was realized for specific pathogen removal for genetic nucleus and multiplication. Application was premature for commercial practice, as piglet mortality and morbidity increased. Early weaning impairs intestinal barrier and mucosal innate immune development, which coincides with diminished resilience to pathogens and viability later in life. Two important milestones were achieved to improve precision nutrition for growing pigs. The first involved the updated publication of the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs, a collaboration between scientists from America and Canada. Precision nutrition advanced further when ingredient description, for metabolically available amino acids and net energy (by source plant), became a private sector nutrition product. The past decade also led to fortuitous discoveries of health-improving components in ingredients (xylanase, soybeans). Finally, two technologies converged to facilitate timely detection of multiple pathogens in a population: oral fluids sampling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pathogen analysis. Most critical diseases in North America are now routinely monitored by oral fluid sampling and prepared for analysis using PCR methods.This article is published as Boyd, R. D., C. E. Zier-Rush, A. J. Moeser, M. Culbertson, K. R. Stewart, D. S. Rosero, and J. F. Patience. "Innovation through research in the North American pork industry." animal 13, no. 12 (2019): 2951-2966. doi:10.1017/S1751731119001915.</p

Carbon Monoxide and Heme Oxygenase-1 Prevent Intestinal Inflammation in Mice by Promoting Bacterial Clearance

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its metabolic by-product, carbon monoxide (CO), protect against intestinal inflammation in experimental models of colitis, but little is known about their intestinal immune mechanisms. We investigated the interactions among CO, HO-1, and the enteric microbiota in mice and zebrafish. METHODS: Germ-free, wild-type, and Il10(−/−) mice and germ free zebrafish embryos were colonized with pathogen-free (SPF). Germ-free or SPF-raised wild-type and Il10(−/−) mice were given intraperitoneal injections of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), which upregulates HO-1, the CO releasing molecule ALF186, or saline (control). Colitis was induced in wild-type mice housed in SPF conditions by infection with S. typhimurium. RESULTS: In colons of germ-free, wild-type mice, SPF microbiota induced production of HO-1 via activation of Nrf2–, IL-10–, and toll-like receptor–dependent pathways; similar observations were made in zebrafish. SPF microbiota did not induce HO-1 in colons of germ-free Il10(−/−) mice. Administration of CoPP to Il10(−/−) mice before transition from germ-free to SPF conditions reduced their development of colitis. In Il10(−/−) mice, CO and CoPP reduced levels of enteric bacterial genomic DNA in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). In mice with S. typhimurium-induced enterocolitis, CoPP reduced the numbers of live S. typhimurium recovered from the lamina propria, MLN, spleen, and liver. Knockdown of HO-1 in mouse macrophages impaired their bactericidal activity against E. coli, E. faecalis, and S. typhimurium, whereas exposure to CO or overexpression of HO-1 increased their bactericidal activity. HO-1 induction and CO increased acidification of phagolysosomes. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic HO-1 prevents colonic inflammation in mice. HO-1 is induced by the enteric microbiota and its homeostatic function is mediated, in part, by promoting bactericidal activities of macrophages

Annual program review, chemical pulping and bleaching, March 23-24, 1999.

"March 23-24, 1999."v. 1. Chemical fundamentals of bleaching: project F015 / Arthur J. Ragauskas, Lucian A. Lucia / Influence of Hexenuronic acids (HexA) on bleaching: project F015.1 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Oxalic acid process chemistry: project F015.2 / Art J. Ragauskas ; High efficiency peroxide bleaching: project F015.3 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Laccase-mediator bleaching of kraft pulp: project F014.4 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Oxygen delignification: project F015.5 / Lucian A. Lucia ; Environmentally compatible production of bleached pulp / T.J. McDonough ... [et al.] ; Environmentally compatible production of bleached chemical pulp: project F013 ; Partial substitution of ozone for chlorine dioxide in the first stage of softwood kraft pulp bleaching sequences / T.J. McDonough , M. Turner , and C.E. Courchene ; Partial substitution of ozone for chlorine dioxide in the first stage of hardwood kraft pulp bleaching sequences / T.J. McDonough , A. Shaker , and C.E. Courchene ; Effects of digester conditions on the bleachability of southern pine kraft pulp / T.J. McDonough , A.J. Bacon , and M. Turner ; Hydrogen peroxide delignification of softwood kraft brownstock / T.J. McDonough , C.E. Courchene , and M. Alger ; Effects of pulping and bleaching processes on pulp and fiber properties / C. Courchene ... [et al.] -- v. 2. High strength, high yield bleached pulps: project F030 / J. Li ... [et al.] ; How much should the yield of softwood chemical pulp (kraft pulp) be improved? Limitations from physical strength / Jian Li ; Nonuniformity of carbohydrate degradation during kraft pulping-measurement and modeling using a modified g-factor / Jian Li , Geoff Moeser , Laura Rosen ; Closed mill-metals equilibria: project F017 / Alan Rudie ; Fundamentals of brightness reverstion: project F014 / Art J. Ragauskas ; Lignin reactivity during pulping and bleaching: project 4226 / Donald Dimmel , John MacKay ; Trees containing built-in pulping cataylst: project 4181 / Donald Dimmel ... [et al.] ; Improved selectivity in ozone bleaching: project 4168 / Donald Dimmel , Perla Sklar , Elizabeth Althen ; Metals management in low effluent pulp and paper mills: project 4192 / Alan Rudie -- Slide Material