Additional file 1: Table S1. of Progression of chronic kidney disease: an illness-death model approach

Likelihood ratio test of the models assuming constant versus varied effects of covariable on each of three transitions. Table S2. Prognostic factors of kidney failure and death through three transitions: Illness-death model by Cox Proportional Hazard regression analysis. Table S3. Prognostic factors of kidney failure and death through three transitions for CKD patients without G1-G2: Illness-death model. Table S4. Assess multi-colinearity for each transition. (DOCX 39 kb

Forest plot showing the relationship between short sleep and incident diabetes in a meta-analysis of prospective studies including 447,124 total participants.

<p>Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are shown as black circles and solid lines, respectively. Grey rectangles indicate the relative weight assigned to individual studies reflecting sample size. Heterogeneity metrics and the summary estimate are shown in the final rows. </p

Hazard ratio for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes by sleep duration category in the 45 and Up Study.

<p>The plots shows hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the specified category of sleep duration, compared with 7 h, after adjusting for potential confounders. Analyses excluded individuals reporting any serious illness at baseline (cancer, heart disease, stroke or diabetes). </p

Stress increases the risk of type 2 diabetes onset in women: A 12-year longitudinal study using causal modelling

<div><p>Background</p><p>Type 2 diabetes is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Modifiable risk factors have been found to contribute up to 60% of type 2 diabetes risk. However, type 2 diabetes continues to rise despite implementation of interventions based on traditional risk factors. There is a clear need to identify additional risk factors for chronic disease prevention. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived stress and type 2 diabetes onset, and partition the estimates into direct and indirect effects.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>Women born in 1946–1951 (n = 12,844) completed surveys for the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010. The total causal effect was estimated using logistic regression and marginal structural modelling. Controlled direct effects were estimated through conditioning in the regression model. A graded association was found between perceived stress and all mediators in the multivariate time lag analyses. A significant association was found between hypertension, as well as physical activity and body mass index, and diabetes, but not smoking or diet quality. Moderate/high stress levels were associated with a 2.3-fold increase in the odds of diabetes three years later, for the total estimated effect. Results were only slightly attenuated when the direct and indirect effects of perceived stress on diabetes were partitioned, with the mediators only explaining 10–20% of the excess variation in diabetes.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Perceived stress is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The majority of the effect estimate of stress on diabetes risk is not mediated by the traditional risk factors of hypertension, physical activity, smoking, diet quality, and body mass index. This gives a new pathway for diabetes prevention trials and clinical practice.</p></div

Longitudinal associations between the hypothesised mediators and type 2 diabetes, using a time lag approach.

<p>Each analysis is adjusted for the potential confounders of SES (measured by educational attainment) and age, as well as secular trends (time by survey). The aim here is to identify the relationship between each mediator and the outcome of type 2 diabetes. The combined effect of all the mediators is modelled in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172126#pone.0172126.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>.</p

基于海泡石的细胞透性化

Additional file 2: Table S2. Statistics from analysis of the expression of EIG121 (KIAA1324) from Oncomine™ Platform comparisons of breast cancer versus normal breast samples ( http://www.oncomine.com ). The values shown refer to over-expression of EIG121 in breast cancer cases compared to normal breast. The number (n) of breast cancer cases and normal breast samples are shown for each dataset

DataSheet_1_Clinical effectiveness of second-line antihyperglycemic drugs on major adverse cardiovascular events: An emulation of a target trial.docx

IntroductionThe cardiovascular benefits of multiple antihyperglycemic drugs as add-on therapies to metformin in the real-practice are unclear. This study aimed to directly compare major adverse cardiovascular events (CVE) associated with these multiple drugs.MethodsAn emulation of a target trial was conducted using a retrospective-cohort data of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prescribed with second-line drugs on top of metformin, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i), thiazolidinediones (TZD) and sulfonylureas (SUs). We applied inverse probability weighting and regression adjustment using intention-to-treat (ITT), per-protocol analysis (PPA) and modified ITT. Average treatment effects (ATE) were estimated using SUs as the reference.Results and DiscussionAmong 25,498 patients with T2DM, 17,586 (69.0%), 3,261 (12.8%), 4,399 (17.3%), and 252 (1.0%) received SUs, TZD, DPP4i, and SGLT2i. Median follow-up time was 3.56 (1.36-7.00) years. CVE was identified in 963 patients. The ITT and modified ITT approaches showed similar results; the ATE (i.e., the difference of CVE risks) for SGLT2i, TZD, and DPP4i compared to SUs were -0.020(-0.040, -0.0002), -0.010(-0.017, -0.003), and -0.004(-0.010, 0.002), respectively, indicating 2% and 1% significant absolute risk reduction in CVE in SGLT2i and TZD compared to SUs. These corresponding effects were also significant in the PPA with ATEs of -0.045(-0.060, -0.031), -0.015(-0.026, -0.004), and -0.012(-0.020, -0.004). In addition, SGLT2i had 3.3% significant absolute risk reduction in CVE relative to DPP4i. Our study demonstrated benefits of SGLT2i and TZD in reducing CVE in T2DM patients compared to SUs when added to metformin.</p

Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics between women with incident type 2 diabetes compared with women without a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes over the observation period.

<p>Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics between women with incident type 2 diabetes compared with women without a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes over the observation period.</p

Longitudinal associations between perceived stress and hypothesised mediators using a time lag approach.

<p>Each analysis is adjusted for the potential confounders of SES (measured by educational attainment) and age, as well as secular trends (time by survey).</p

Total causal effects of perceived stress on type 2 diabetes using a time lag approach (assuming physical activity as a time varying mediator).^a^,^b

<p>Total causal effects of perceived stress on type 2 diabetes using a time lag approach (assuming physical activity as a time varying mediator).<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172126#t004fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>^,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172126#t004fn002" target="_blank">^b</a></p