Spring Phytoplankton Photosynthesis, Growth, and Primary Production and Relationships to a Recurrent Coastal Sediment Plume and River Inputs in Southeastern Lake Michigan

[1] A recurrent coastal sediment plume (RCP) is an episodic event in the southern basin of Lake Michigan that typically coincides with the spring diatom bloom. Strong winter storm activity during El Nino conditions in 1998 resulted in a large and intense RCP event. Consistently higher values of the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, P-max(B), were observed in spring 1998 compared to 1999 and 2000. Higher values of P-max(B) in 1998 appeared to be related to increased availability of phosphorus, as evidenced by significant correlations of P-max(B) with soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Light-saturated growth rates were also significantly correlated with SRP concentrations. These findings were consistent the view that the RCP was a source of enrichment. However, incubation experiments involving lake water enriched with sediments showed relatively small increases in growth and photosynthetic parameters, while enrichments with river water exhibited elevated rates. This result, along with increased levels of river discharge in 1998 and high levels of dissolved phosphorus in river water, supported the view that riverine inputs rather than the RCP were responsible for the higher photosynthetic parameters and growth seen for coastal margin assemblages. Despite the higher levels of P-max(B) in 1998, model analyses revealed that reduced light availability resulting from the intense RCP event constrained phytoplankton growth rates and primary production during this season and apparently suppressed the development of a typical spring bloom. These findings indicate a potential for reduced ecosystem productivity in response to extreme storm events, the frequency of which may increase with projected long-term climate changes

Spring phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth, and primary production and relationships to a recurrent coastal sediment plume and river inputs in southeastern Lake Michigan

The purpose of this research is to find out factors related to farmer's motivation to grow mangrove in Mayangan Village, Gumukmas Sub-district, Jember District. The method used in this study uses descriptive and correlational methods. The result of the analysis shows that the variables of experience, formal education and non-formal education have a relationship with the motivation of farmers to plant mangrove while other variables such as age and number of family members have no relationship, at 95% confidence level

Comparison of Inherent Optical Properties as Surrogate for Particulate Matter Concentration in Coastal Waters

Particulate matter concentration (PM, often referred to as total suspended solids [TSS]) is an important parameterin the evaluation of water quality. Several optical measurements used to provide an estimate of water turbidity havealso been used to estimate PM, among them light transmission, backscattering, and side-scattering. Here we analyzesuch measurements performed by the Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) at various coastal locations to estab-lish whether a given optical method performs better than others for the estimation of PM. All the technologies werefound to perform well, predicting PM within less than 55% relative difference for 95% of samples (n= 85, four loca-tions). Backscattering performed best as a predictor of PM, predicting PM with less than 37% relative difference for95% of samples. The correlation coefficient (R) was between 0.96 and 0.98 for all methods with PM data rangingbetween 1.2 to 82.4 g m–3. In addition, co-located measurements of backscattering and attenuation improves PM pre-diction and provides compositional information about the suspended particles; when their ratio is high, the bulk par-ticulate matter is dominated by inorganic material while when low, dominated by organic materia