Reader J (2011) Missing Links: In Search of Human Origins.

<p>New York: Oxford University Press. 350 p. ISBN-13: 978-0199276851 (hardcover). US$34.95.</p

Geographic origin, number and haplogroup designation for complete European mtDNA dataset.

<p>Geographic origin, number and haplogroup designation for complete European mtDNA dataset.</p

Estimated effective population size (Ne) of type H (red) and type U mtDNA haplotypes (blue) for the complete European mtDNA dataset as well as for the sampled dataset.

<p>The x-axis shows time in years before present, the y axis the effective population size Ne. The center line represents the mean of Ne estimate, upper and lower lines are the 95% posterior density intervals. We assumed a mutation rate of the coding regions of 1.691×10⁻⁸ substitutions per site and year <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032473#pone.0032473-Ho1" target="_blank">[30]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032473#pone.0032473-Schonberg1" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p

Number and haplogroup designation of complete mtDNA from a non- biased source [19].

<p>Number and haplogroup designation of complete mtDNA from a non- biased source <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032473#pone.0032473-Herrnstadt1" target="_blank">[19]</a>.</p

Number and haplogroup designation of complete mtDNAs from two Croatian villages.

<p>Number and haplogroup designation of complete mtDNAs from two Croatian villages.</p

The triple burial of Dolní Věstonice, Moravia, dated to around 31,000 years before present.

<p>From left to right: DV 13, DV 15, DV 14.</p

Haplogroup frequencies of hunter-gatherer and early farmer populations based on short segments of the mtDNA (A); Haplogroup frequencies of three contemporary European complete mtDNA datasets (B).

<p>Haplogroup frequencies of hunter-gatherer and early farmer populations based on short segments of the mtDNA (A); Haplogroup frequencies of three contemporary European complete mtDNA datasets (B).</p

Test of <i>R</i>_<i>x</i> approach for individuals with known sex assignments.

<p>Test of <i>R</i>_<i>x</i> approach for individuals with known sex assignments.</p

Pairwise nucleotide differences for all U- type and H- type mtDNAs in three contemporary European datasets.

<p>Pairwise nucleotide differences for all U- type and H- type mtDNAs in three contemporary European datasets.</p

Ratio of alignments to chromosome X compared to ratio of alignments of all autosomes (R_<i>x</i>).

<p>An R_<i>x</i> of below 0.6 indicates male sex, error bars represent the 95% CI. Male assignment is consistent for all three samples for both unfiltered sequences (black dots) and sequences that show evidence of post-mortem deamination (white dots).</p