Application-Independent Based Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)

Multicasting is an efficient communication service for supporting multipoint applications. The main goal of most ad hoc multicast protocols is to build and maintain a multicast tree or mesh in the face of a mobile environment, with fast reactions to network changes so that the packet loss is minimized. The topology of a wireless mobile network can be very dynamic, and hence the maintenance of a connected multicast routing tree may cause large overhead. To avoid this, a different approach based on meshes has been proposed. Meshes are more suitable for dynamic environments because they support more connectivity than trees; thus they support multicast trees. In multicast routing protocols many type of risk are involve like rushing, black hole, jellyfish attacks. Many features improve the performance of multicast routing protocol robustness, efficiency, control overhead .in this article mainly focus on application independent based multicast routing protocols, features, and comparison of multicast routing protocols. Keywords: Ad hoc Network, CAMP, ODMRP, AMRIS, MAODV etc

Adding benefits to phytoremediation of sugar mill effluent by growing water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Evaluation of biomass for biogas production

In this experiment, we assessed the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for pollutants removal from sugar mill effluent amended at different concentrations and further biogas production from its grown biomass co-digested with cow dung in a laboratory scale anaerobic digester. The results showed that the maximum values of kinetic growth rate (2.56gg-1d-1), total chlorophyll content (4.10±0.10mg/gfwt.) and fresh plant biomass (393.87±4.67g/Kg) of E. crassipes were achieved in 75% concentration of sugar mill effluent after 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. Also, the enrichment factor (Ef) and bioaccumulation factor (Bf) of heavy metals were greater than or equal to 1 in the roots and leaves of E. crassipes which indicated efficient elimination of these metals from the sugar mill effluent. Significant values of cumulative biogas production (5195 ml) and predicted by modified Gompertz kinetic model (5238.71 ml) were found after 15 days of anaerobic digestion at 40°C with maximum reduction of COD (83.11%) of the substrate slurry. The plot of log(COD) vs. t (HRT) suggested good fitness of first order kinetic equation (R2= 0.9746) for reduction of co-substrate COD. The different kinetic parameters of COD reduction for biogas production viz., a, xc and k were noted as 6096.12, 7.73 and 0.26, with R2 value of 0.99, respectively. The findings of this study concluded that E. crassipes can be used for the phytoremediation of heavy metals and other pollutants most efficiently in 75% concentration of the sugar mill effluent. Additionally, the biomass of E. crassipes grown during phytoremediation can be used for enhanced biogas production

Qualitative Based Comparison of Routing Protocols for VANET

Vehicular ad hoc network is one of the most promising applications of MANET that an inter communication system. In VANET nodes which are vehicles can move safety with high speed and generally must communicate quickly reliably. When an accident occurs in a road or highway, alarm messages must be disseminated, instead of ad hoc routed, to inform all other vehicles. Vehicular ad hoc network architecture and cellular technology to achieve intelligent communication and improve road traffic safety and efficiency .To organize their in vehicle computing system, vehicle to vehicle ad hoc networks, hybrid architecture with special properties such as high mobility, network portioning and constrained topology .there is a lot of research about VANET for driving services, traffic information services, user communication and information services. VANET can perform effective communication by utilizing routing information. Some researchers are contributed a lots in the area of VANET. In this articles mainly focusing on significant features, performance improvement in comparisons of routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). Keywords: VANET, Routing Protocol, PBR, CAR, CBR etc

Response surface methodology based optimization of cadmium and lead remediation from aqueous solution by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) and its anatomical study

This experiment was performed to optimize the response surface methodology (RSM) based reduction of cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+) from the aqueous solution and to study anatomical effects of Cd2+ and Pb2+ stress on stomata of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) during phytoremediation. Laboratory experiments were carried out to grow E. crassipes plants in six treatments of Cd2+ and Pb2+ viz., 0 mgL-1 (Control), 2 mgL-1, 4 mgL-1, 6 mgL-1, 8 mgL-1 and 10 mgL-1 in 25 liter capacity glass aquariums. A 2-factor central composite design (CCD) with total 25 experimental runs and the predictor regression model equation was applied to optimize the prime conditions for the Cd2+ and Pb2+ reduction. Different plant growth attributes viz., translocation factor; kinetic plant growth rate, fresh plant biomass and total chlorophyll content were also found highest up to 4 mgL-1 concentration of Cd2+ and Pb2+. Structural damage in the stomata of E. crassipes was evaluated under microscopic view and found that above 4 mgL-1 concentration of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the medium, significant structural damage to the stomata of leaves of the E. crassipes occurred. The results of this study concluded that E. crassipes can remediate Cd2+ and Pb2+ from the medium more efficiently at 1.22 mgL-1 concentration and the developed model can be used to navigate the design space. Furthermore, the different plant growth attributes were also affected above 4 mgL-1 concentration of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the medium

Histopathological Image Classification Methods and Techniques in Deep Learning Field

A cancerous tumour in a woman's breast, Histopathology detects breast cancer. Histopathological images are a hotspot for medical study since they are difficult to judge manually. In addition to helping doctors identify and treat patients, this image classification can boost patient survival. This research addresses the merits and downsides of deep learning methods for histopathology imaging of breast cancer. The study's histopathology image classification and future directions are reviewed. Automatic histopathological image analysis often uses complete supervised learning where we can feed the labeled dataset to model for the classification. The research methods are frequentlytrust on feature extraction techniques tailored to specific challenges, such as texture, spatial, graph-based, and morphological features. Many deep learning models are also created for picture classification. There are various deep learning methods for classifying histopathology images

Water quality of River Ganga with reference to physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics during Kanwar Mela 2017, at Haridwar, India: A case study

The present investigation was conducted to study the water quality of river Ganga during Kanwar Mela 2017 with reference to physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics at Haridwar city. Five sampling sites viz., Har ki Pauri (HKP), Vishnu Ghat (VG), Daksh Mandir (DM), Pul Jatwara (PJ) and Bhimgoda Barrage (BGB as control) were selected for collection of water samples. The reseult revealed that among the different sampling sites, the maximum values of EC (0.164 dS m-1), TS (545 mg L-1), TDS (320 mg L-1), TSS (225 mg L-1), pH (8.76), DO (10.04 mg L-1), BOD (4.76 mg L-1), COD (6.89 mg L-1), Cl– (124.50 mg L-1), Hardness (232.54 mg L-1), Alkalinity (158.36 mg L-1), NO32- (76.88 mg L-1), SO42- (228.34 mg L-1), SPC (6.8×106 SPC ml -1), MPN (4.6×108  MPN 100 ml -1), Cd (BDL), Cu (0.171 mg L-1), Cr (1.503 mg L-1), Fe (3.642 mg L-1), Ni (BDL) and Zn (2.456 mg L-1) of Ganga River water were recorded higer at Har ki Pauri (HKP) in comparison to Vishnu Ghat (VG), Daksh Mandir (DM), Pul Jatwara (PJ) and Bhimgoda Barrage (BGB) sampling sites. Therefore, it was concluded from the present investigation that the mass bathing and relegious activities greatly influenced the water quality of River Ganga and significantly contributed to the water pollution of River Ganga during the Kanwar Mela 2017

Weakly Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Temperature/Gravity-Modulated Stationary Rayleigh–Bénard Convection in a Rotating Porous Medium

The effect of time-periodic temperature/gravity modulation on thermal instability in a fluid-saturated rotating porous layer has been investigated by performing a weakly nonlinear stability analysis. The disturbances are expanded in terms of power series of amplitude of convection. The Ginzburg–Landau equation for the stationary mode of convection is obtained and consequently the individual effect of temperature/gravity modulation on heat transport has been investigated. Further, the effect of various parameters on heat transport has been analyzed and depicted graphically

FPGA based Novel High Speed DAQ System Design with Error Correction

Present state of the art applications in the area of high energy physics experiments (HEP), radar communication, satellite communication and bio medical instrumentation require fault resilient data acquisition (DAQ) system with the data rate in the order of Gbps. In order to keep the high speed DAQ system functional in such radiation environment where direct intervention of human is not possible, a robust and error free communication system is necessary. In this work we present an efficient DAQ design and its implementation on field programmable gate array (FPGA). The proposed DAQ system supports high speed data communication (~4.8 Gbps) and achieves multi-bit error correction capabilities. BCH code (named after Raj Bose and D. K. RayChaudhuri) has been used for multi-bit error correction. The design has been implemented on Xilinx Kintex-7 board and is tested for board to board communication as well as for board to PC using PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect express) interface. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed FPGA based high speed DAQ system utilizing optical link and multi-bit error resiliency can be considered first of its kind. Performance estimation of the implemented DAQ system is done based on resource utilization, critical path delay, efficiency and bit error rate (BER).Comment: ISVLSI 2015. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1505.04569, arXiv:1503.0881

Heat and mass transport analysis of chemically reacting cross diffusion convection in a couple stress fluid-saturated rotating porous medium with internal heat generation

In the present study, non-linear stability analysis with chemical reaction is performed in pair stress fluid saturated with anisotropic porous medium with the consideration of an internal heat source. In the governing equation, the extended Darcy model has been employed in the momentum equation. The normal mode approach and truncated Fourier series methodology were adopted for linear, and non-linear stability investigations. The impact of numerous characteristics, such as the DuFour and Soret parameters, has been addressed and visually depicted

Phyto-adsorption treatment of paper mill effluent using leaf powder of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms

In this present study, an experiment was performed to find the potential of leaf powder of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in treating paper mill effluent. During the study the value of different parameters viz., pH (5.80±0.10), TDS (980.22±12.52 mgL-1), EC (6.52±0.11 dS m-1), BOD (86.42±4.61 mgL-1), COD (281.01±8.66 mgL-1), PO43- (71.46±6.00 mgL-1), TKN (84.99±3.92 mgL-1), Na (136.94±6.66 mgL-1), K (95.01±3.48 mgL-1) and total hardness (442.39±3.78 mgL-1) of paper mill effluent were recorded higher before bio-adsorption treatment using leaf powder of E. crassipes. The leaf powder of E. crassipes significantly (P<0.05/P<0.01) removed TDS, EC, BOD, COD, TKN, Na, K and total hardness of the paper mill effluent. The result of the present study on the  bio-adsorption treatment using leaf powder of E. crassipes of paper mill effluent showed maximum reduction in the effluent characteristics viz., pH (6.62±0.08), TDS (848.42±7.67 mgL-1), EC (4.08±0.17 dS m-1), BOD (62.56±3.39 mgL-1), COD (218.11±8.59 mgL-1), PO43- (50.13±4.33 mgL-1), TKN (63.04±6.47 mgL-1), Na (100.06±6.99 mgL-1), K (66.00±7.38 mgL-1) and total hardness (347±9.86 mgL-1) of paper mill effluent after bio-adsorption treatment using leaf powder of E. crassipes. The maximum removal of TDS (13.45%), EC (37.43%), BOD (25.89%), COD (22.38%), PO43- (29.85%), TKN (25.83%), Na (26.94%), K (30.54%) and Total hardness (21.56%) in the paper mill effluent were recovered after phyto-adsorption treatment using leaf powder of E. crassipes. The decrease of paper mill effluent parameter is likely due to that the leaf powder of water hyacinth absorbs the nutrient from the effluent. Therefore, the leaf powder of can be used as phyto-adsorbent for the removal of various pollution parameters