Time to first stavudine toxicity (peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, high lactate syndrome, pancreatitis or diabetes) in patients starting the second year of stavudine containing ART without any of these toxicities.

<p>Time to first stavudine toxicity (peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, high lactate syndrome, pancreatitis or diabetes) in patients starting the second year of stavudine containing ART without any of these toxicities.</p

Patient characteristics.

<p>All characteristics are expressed as n (%) and are measured at enrolment, unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>All characteristics are at enrolment into the study (after one year on ART), except WHO stage and CD4 count as indicated.</p><p>IQR, inter-quartile range; BMI, body mass index; ART, antiretroviral therapy; WHO, world health organization; TB, tuberculosis; KS, Kaposi's sarcoma; eCC, estimated creatinine clearance (Cockroft-Gault method).</p

Cox regression models of variables associated with stavudine associated side effects.

¶<p>One or more of peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, pancreatitis, high lactate syndrome, diabetes mellitus.</p><p>HR, hazard ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval, BMI, body mass index; WHO, world health organization; TB, tuberculosis;</p><p>eCC, estimate creatinine clearance.</p>*<p>WHO stage refers to being in WHO clinic stage 3 or 4 vs. being in stage 1 or 2 at the start of ART. Significant associations are indicated in bold font.</p>†<p>TB diagnosis refers to previous and current diagnosis.</p

Study diagram.

<p>Study diagram.</p

Analysis of changes in serum lipid levels over time.

<p>TC, total cholesterol; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.</p>*<p>At the time of enrolment into the study, after 12 months of stavudine containing ART.</p

Multivariate analysis–factors associated with elevated TC/HDL-c ratio in Malawi.

<p>Multivariate analysis–factors associated with elevated TC/HDL-c ratio in Malawi.</p

Prevalence rates at enrolment and incidence rates during 12 months of follow up of stavudine associated toxicities in 253 Malawian adults.

*<p>Prevalence at enrolment i.e. after one year of stavudine containing ART.</p>¶<p>One or more of peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, pancreatitis, hyperlactate syndrome, diabetes mellitus.</p>†<p>severe hyperlactatemia, symptomatic hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis, as defined in methods paragraph.</p><p>IR, incidence rate; PR, prevalence rate; CI, confidence interval; py, person-years; TC, total cholesterol serum level; TG, triglyceride serum level.</p

Multivariate analysis–factors associated with elevated total cholesterol (TC) in Malawi.

<p>Multivariate analysis–factors associated with elevated total cholesterol (TC) in Malawi.</p

Lipid levels among Malawian, adult HIV patients stratified by urban/rural site and by gender.

<p>Lipid levels among Malawian, adult HIV patients stratified by urban/rural site and by gender.</p

Quarterly trends in new ART initiates by gender and indication for ART: absolute numbers (Panel A) and proportions (Panel B).

<p>Quarterly trends in new ART initiates by gender and indication for ART: absolute numbers (Panel A) and proportions (Panel B).</p