THE POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF AGARWOOD PRODUCING TREE (AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS) IN RIAU PROVINCE

YULIZAH, RAHAJOE, J. S., FEFIRENTA, A. D. & NUGROHO, A. D. 2022. The population and distribution of agarwood producing tree (Aquilaria malaccensis) in Riau Province. Reinwardtia 21(1): 1–11. — Riau Province is one of the largest agarwood producers and supplier of Aquilaria malaccensis species in Indonesia, based on the data of trade quota that was issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2018. The quota data will be used for monitoring the sustainability of the population agarwood producing trees in the wild. The aimed of the study were to determine the natural population distribution and habitat preference of wild agarwood-producing trees in Riau Province. The agarwood population census carried out by making random plots in the study sites, soil moisture, soil pH, temperature and the humidity recorded, and the macronutrients data also used to support the habitat preferences for the agarwood producing taxa tree. Seven locations of agarwood producing trees were selected for the study sites including Taman Hutan Raya (TAHURA: Forest Park Garden) Sultan Syarif Hasyim (SSH), three community forests in Siak Sri Indapura District (Gosib, Perincit and Dosan), and three community forests in Bengkalis District (Langkat, Pangkalan Jambi, and Duri Km 13). The density of agarwood producing trees in TAHURA SSH recorded for about 38 plants ha-1, with an average diameter distribution was 15 cm, and the tree height was 9.51 m. Perincit data showed the highest density, with 8.13 plants ha-1  with an average distribution of tree diameters was recorded for 20.8 cm and the tree height was 9.11 m. While the lowest tree density was recorded for 0.58 plant ha-1 in Gosib, the average diameter and tree height were recorded for 40.15 cm and 14.70 m, respectively. Environmental parameters and soil chemistry were the main factors to support the tree growth of agarwood. The result was necessary for the conservation program of A. Malaccensis, and support data for providing potential seeds source and seedling. The nutrient content preference from the finding of this research will also be used as the necessary information of the needs of nutrient content in the natural habitat of agarwood plantations.

Stok karbon dan biomasa beberapa komoditas tanaman pertanian di Bodogol-Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat

Studi tentang stok karbon dan biomasa dari beberapa komoditas tanaman pertanian dilakukan di Kampung Bodogol di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menentukan biomasa stok karbon dan tingkat dekomposisi komoditas pertanian dengan menggunakan sampai distructive dan metode litterbag

STUDI ETNOBOTANI KENCUR DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT DI LAHAN GAMBUT KALIMANTAN BARAT

Based on field observation carried out in West Kalimantan, local people utilized Kaempferia galanga L. to relieve stomachache and in child delivery for specific treatment. People cultivate it in peat land area

RESPONS PERTUMBUHAN KENCUR DENGAN PENAMBAHAN MEDIA GAMBUT DI RUMAH KACA

A study to know the growth response of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) to different concentration of peat inpeat soil was conducted in the green house of the Centre of Research and Deyelopment for Biology-LIPI in Bogor. The response showed no significant difference of the length and number of leave on the use of 5 different peat soil

Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia

Aquaculture is one of the main drivers of mangrove loss across Southeast Asian countries. The conversion of mangroves to aquaculture generates substantial loss of carbon stocks and reduces carbon storage capacity. Here, we present total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) effluxes obtained from mangrove forests (fringe and interior mangroves), silvofishery aquaculture ponds (dense and sparse mangroves), and non-silvofishery aquaculture ponds in Sawah Luhur, Banten, Indonesia. We found no significant difference in TECS across five land uses, ranging from 261 ± 14 Mg C ha-1 in non-silvofishery ponds to 574 ± 119 Mg C ha-1 in fringe mangroves. Most of these stocks were found in the soil carbon pool (87%) in fringe and interior mangroves. However, the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture ponds resulted in soil carbon loss from -6% to 60%. The highest soil CO2 effluxes during dry and wet seasons were observed in interior mangroves (151 ± 12 mg CO2 m-2 h-1). The highest soil CH4 effluxes were found in fringe mangroves with 0.13 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1. The highest aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes were found in dense silvofishery ponds, at 118 ± 7 mg CO2 m-2 h-1 and 0.38 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1, respectively. Our findings suggest that land use that includes mangroves (i.e., mangrove forest and/or silvofishery ponds) tends to have higher carbon stocks, soil, and aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes, compared to aquaculture ponds without mangroves. It is therefore crucial to maintain mangroves for natural carbon capture and storage through carbon stock enhancement

Feasibility of Agarwood Cultivation in Indonesia: Dynamic System Modeling Approach

Most of the Indonesian agarwood in the international market is harvested from the wild, which raises concerns regarding its sustainability. The Government of Indonesia encourages agarwood cultivation produced from the cultivated Agarwood-Producing Tree (APT) to overcome this concern and replace natural agarwood. APT cultivation in Indonesia is not a new development, but it has faced various obstacles, ranging from production quantity and quality to funding and marketing. Therefore, an appropriate policy is needed to support the success of APT cultivation. This study aims to develop a dynamic system model in order to identify the gaps and determine appropriate policy strategies to improve APT cultivation in Indonesia. The model was established by compiling three conceptual stages: planting to harvest, cost–benefit analysis, and feasibility analysis. Agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. cultivated by the community and private sector, which produces kemedangan (an agarwood grade in the Indonesian market) and oil, was chosen for the model. The model developed shows that APT cultivation development in the private sector and the community is unfeasible with the business as usual. There are three options to simulate the feasibility of agarwood produces from APT cultivation. The best scenarios are chosen based on the feasibility indicator, when benefit is higher than cost. The development of APT by the private sector that produces kemedangan and oil products is feasible, with the invention of more effective inoculant and processing technology (scenario 1), as well as applying high thinning, which can increase the yield. Oil production requires more investment, so the revenue obtained is lower than the production cost, resulting in the unfeasibility of the production. The development of APT by the community will be feasible with scenario 2, if there is government funding for the establishment of APT cultivation, inoculants application, and harvesting. Based on the model scenario, APT cultivation will be ecologically sustainable, economically feasible, and socially acceptable if carried out by the private sector or the community by applying inoculation techniques and selecting inoculants to increase production effectiveness, and will be supported by lower production costs and market stability. The Indonesian government needs to take several policies to encourage APT development, including financial assistance for APT development, setting inoculant standards at affordable prices, simplifying trade administration, stabilizing agarwood product prices at the local level, and law enforcement