Prevalence of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types (n = 205).

<p>Prevalence of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types (n = 205).</p

Socio-demographic characteristics of a sample of Hispanic men attending an STI clinic in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

<p>Socio-demographic characteristics of a sample of Hispanic men attending an STI clinic in San Juan, Puerto Rico.</p

Prevalence and Correlates Associated with Multiple Anal HPV Infection.

<p>Prevalence and Correlates Associated with Multiple Anal HPV Infection.</p

Prevalent HPV infection as a predictor of HIV acquisition.

1<p>Adjusted for the following baseline characteristics: high risk partner (as defined in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010094#pone-0010094-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> footnote), positive test for <i>N gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>C trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomoniasis vaginalis</i> or syphilis, cohabiting with regular sexual partner, age 25–34 years or >35 years (compared to age ≤24 years), positive serology for HSV-2, no condom use within the prior 3 months (compared to sometimes or always using condoms), and regular partner not circumcised.</p>2<p>Non-oncogenic HPV types defined as types 6, 11, 32, 40, 54, 55, 61, 69, 70, 83, 84, “mix”, and untyped.</p>3<p>Oncogenic HPV types defined as 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73 and 82v.</p

Persistent and non-persistent HPV infection as predictors of HIV acquisition.

1<p>Adjusted for the following baseline characteristics: high risk partner (as defined in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010094#pone-0010094-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> footnote), positive test for <i>N gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>C trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomoniasis vaginalis</i> or syphilis, cohabiting with sexual partner, age 25–34 years or >35 years (compared to age ≤24 years), and positive serology for HSV-2.</p>2<p>Non-oncogenic HPV types defined as types 6, 11, 32, 40, 54, 55, 61, 69, 70, 83, 84 (mixed and untyped infections are excluded from the analysis).</p>3<p>Oncogenic HPV types defined as 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73 and 82v.</p

Recent HPV infection (within 6 months of HIV acquisition visit) as a predictor of HIV acquisition.

1<p>Adjusted for <u>Baseline variables</u>: study arm, high risk behavior (as defined in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010094#pone-0010094-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> footnote), high risk partner (as defined in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010094#pone-0010094-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> footnote), positive test for <i>N gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>C trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomoniasis vaginalis</i> or syphilis, cohabiting with sexual partner, age 25–34 years or >35 years (compared to age ≤24 years), positive serology for HSV-2, no condom use within the prior 3 months (compared to sometimes or always using condoms), and regular partner not circumcised and <u>Time-dependent variables</u>: condom non-use since last visit; new partner since last visit; circumcision status of new partner; incident infection since the last visit with HSV-2, <i>N gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>C trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomoniasis vaginalis</i>.</p>2<p>Non-oncogenic types defined as types 6, 11, 32, 40, 54, 55, 61, 69, 70, 83, 84, “mix”, and untyped.</p>3<p>Oncogenic types defined as 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73 and 82v.</p

Baseline positivity of anal cytology and biomarkers by histologic anal diagnosis.

<p>P values correspond to a comparison of the proportion of subjects with no SIL or LSIL versus those with HSIL, who were identified by each biomarker.</p><p>SIL, squamous intraepithelial lesion; LSIL, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HPV, human papillomavirus.</p><p>LSIL group included MSM with anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) 1 on histology. HSIL group included MSM with AIN 2 or AIN 3 on histology. No SIL group included MSM without LSIL or HSIL.</p

Baseline positive and persistent positive biomarkers predicting incident anal histologic HSIL at subsequent visits among those who were free of disease at baseline.

<p>HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HPV, human papillomavirus; CI, confidence interval.</p><p>HSIL included anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) 2 or AIN 3 on histology.</p>a<p>High-risk HPV DNA included HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68.</p>b<p>E6/E7 mRNA positivity was defined as greater than or equal to 2% of cells which had E6/E7 mRNA over-expression in the sample.</p>c<p>p16 immunocytochemistry was considered positive if there was a presence of cells with cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining.</p>d<p>Multivariate model adjusted for HIV status and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion at baseline.</p

Performance characteristics of anal cytology, high-risk HPV DNA, HPV E6/E7 mRNA, and p16 immunocytochemistry to detect anal histologic HSIL at baseline, by HIV status.

<p>HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; CI, confidence interval; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; AROC, area under the receiver operator characteristics curve; HPV, human papillomavirus.</p><p>HSIL included anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) 2 or AIN 3 on histology.</p>a<p>High-risk HPV DNA included HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68.</p>b<p>E6/E7 mRNA positivity was defined as greater than or equal to 2% of cells which had E6/E7 mRNA over-expression in the sample.</p>c<p>p16 immunocytochemistry was considered positive if there was a presence of cells with cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining.</p>d<p>*P≤0.05 and ‡ P≤0.001 in pairwise comparisons against anal cytology, in subjects with HSIL for sensitivity and subjects without HSIL for specificity.</p>e<p>P values for pairwise comparisons of the AROC relative to anal cytology as a reference group.</p

Receiver operator characteristics plots of biomarker performances to detect anal histologic HSIL.

<p>(A) Performance characteristics of anal cytology, high-risk HPV DNA, HPV 16 and/or 18, E6/E7 mRNA, and p16 immunocytochemistry, when each test was used alone to detect HSIL. (B) Performance characteristics when tests were used in combination to detect HSIL. HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. HSIL included anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) 2 or AIN 3 on histology.</p