Posterior recurrence.

<p>Left recurrent hydrocele in a 36 year-old patient from G2. (A) Posterior recurrent hydrocele sac (arrow heads) and anterior surface of the testis (asterisks); (B) and (C) different views of opened posterior recurrent hydrocele sac showing multiple cavities and irregularity of its inner surface (<b>+</b>).</p

Mixed recurrence.

<p>Right recurrent hydrocele in a 29 year-old patient from G2. (A) Recurrent hydrocele sacs situated anterior (black arrow heads) and posterior (white arrow heads) to the testis (asterisks). (B) Emptied anterior recurrent hydrocele sac (black arrow head); aspiration of posterior recurrent hydrocele sac (white arrow head). (C) Opened, anterior (right forceps) and posterior (left forceps) recurrent hydrocele sacs; anterior surface of abnormal testis (arrow heads) is seen.</p

Anterior recurrence.

<p>Left recurrent hydrocele in a 31 year-old patient from G2. (A) Previous hydrocelectomy scar. (B) Recurrent hydrocele sac situated anterior to the testis (asterisk). (C) Aspiration of clear, straw colored fluid from anterior recurrent sac. (D) Opened recurrent hydrocele sac showing the anterior surface of the testis covered by tunica albuginea and visceral layer of tunica vaginalis (asterisk). By gross appearance the testicle is abnormal in shape and size. The sac wall (forceps) and testicular tunicas appear thick and with irregular surfaces.</p

Comparison of age, lymphangiectasia, testicular abnormality findings, hydrocele volume, and hydrocele recurrence in Group-1, Control Group and Group-2 patients.

<p>*Fisher's exact test comparing groups 1 and 2.</p><p>**Geometric mean.</p>†<p>t-test.</p><p>***Fisher's exact test comparing group 1 and comparison group.</p

Lymphangiectasias and <i>W. bancrofti</i> adult worms seen through the lymph vessel wall.

<p>(A) A right emptied hydrocele sac in a 23 year-old patient from G1. Round dilations of lymphatic vessel (arrow heads) on the outer surface of the hydrocele sac wall. (B) A left hydrocele case in a 25 year-old patient from G1 after excision of hydrocele sac. Lymphangiectasia (arrow heads) in retrotesticular area, close to the excision margin of the hydrocele sac. (C) A closer view of B showing a cluster of small lymphangiectasias (circle). By transparency, filiform bodies of living worms (arrow heads) are seen in a larger lymphangiectasia.</p

Characteristics of Comparison Group patients who underwent hydrocelectomy outside of NEPAF.

<p>*Binomial test: hypothesized value = 50%.</p><p>**There was recurrence in only one side. In both cases the recurrent hydrocele was on the right side.</p>†<p>Pearson Chi-square test.</p