The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Performance and the Histopathological Changes in Liver and Kidneys in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets with Aflatoxin B₁

The aim of the study was to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and efficacy of a probiotic preparation containing L. reuteri, L. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts to ameliorate their effects in broiler chickens. A total of 168 one-day-old female Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to six groups. Three wheat and soybean meal-based diets were prepared: Control diet and diets contaminated with 1 or 5 mg/kg AFB1 supplied in moldy wheat. All diets were unsupplemented or supplemented with probiotic, cold pelleted and fed from 1 to 35 day of life. Feeding diet with 1 mg AFB1/kg did not affect performance, but a diet with 5 mg AFB1 resulted in a significant reduction of feed intake and BWG, both diets induced liver and kidneys enlargement. The probiotic supplementation of the diets partially ameliorated those negative effects and resulted in a significant increase of AFB1 excretion. It was accompanied by the reduced level of AFB1 residues in the liver from 8.9 to 3.7 and from 11.8 to 5.9 µg/kg, in kidneys from 7.9 to 2.5 and from 13.7 to 4.1 µg/kg in birds fed the less and more contaminated diets, respectively. AFB1 exposure caused many severe histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys of broilers, probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the changes of these organs. It may be concluded that the probiotic supplementation can be used to alleviate the negative effects of contamination of broiler feed with AFB1 on bird health and product security

Autoimmunity markers in subjects with diabetes

Introduction. Diabetes is a growing social and epidemiological problem. Accordingly, the incidence of complications associated with diabetes can cause a persistent high percentage of diseases of the cardiovascular system, kidney and nervous systems, and impaired vision. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of immunological markers in patients with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes: the anti-GAD, ANA, AMA, ASMA, APCA and LKM, compared to healthy people. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the correlation between their presence and the degree of metabolic control in both groups. Materials and methods. The study comprised 100 subjects aged 25–75 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20–30 kg / m2, hospitalized in the Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Endocrinology, at the Medical University of Warsaw, with previously diagnosed diabetes who were assigned to one of 2 groups (50 subjects with type 1 diabetes and 50 subjects with type 2 diabetes). The control group consisted of 21 healthy individuals without the diagnosis of diabetes and a prediabetic state. All the study participants had the examined antibodies determined along with the panel of biochemical tests and neurological examination for diabetic neuropathy and fundus examination. Results. Anti-GAD antibodies were present in both groups of patients. Their presence was found in 30% of people with type 1 diabetes and in 16% of people with diabetes type 2. The presence of ANA antibodies was found in 24% of people with type 1 diabetes and 22% of people with type 2 diabetes. There was no correlation between the presence of ANA antibodies ANA and duration of diabetes. In the group of patients with type 1 diabetes, there was a correlation between the presence of ANA and the incidence of diabetic polyneuropathy. ASMA and APCA antibodies occurred with equal frequency in both studied groups (4% vs. 10%). There were no antibodies of AMA or anti-LKM in any of the patients. Conclusions. Marking of ANA antibodies in patients with type 1 diabetes may be a marker used to isolate a group of patients at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy. The presence of anti-GAD in type 2 diabetes may be a LADA marker which specifically marks the group of patients with type 2 diabetes, in whom there is a faster metabolic death of beta cells. The current classification of diabetes is vague, and in the near future it should be modified based on specific patient characteristics, phenotypic appearance, as well as the results of additional tests. Determination of antibodies AMA, ASMA, APCA and anti-LKM does not seem to be significant in the diagnosis of diabetes and its chronic complications

Autoimmunity markers in subjects with diabetes

Introduction. Diabetes is a growing social and epidemiological problem. Accordingly, the incidence of complications associated with diabetes can cause a persistent high percentage of diseases of the cardiovascular system, kidney and nervous systems, and impaired vision. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of immunological markers in patients with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes: the anti-GAD, ANA, AMA, ASMA, APCA and LKM, compared to healthy people. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the correlation between their presence and the degree of metabolic control in both groups. Materials and methods. The study comprised 100 subjects aged 25–75 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20–30 kg / m2, hospitalized in the Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Endocrinology, at the Medical University of Warsaw, with previously diagnosed diabetes who were assigned to one of 2 groups (50 subjects with type 1 diabetes and 50 subjects with type 2 diabetes). The control group consisted of 21 healthy individuals without the diagnosis of diabetes and a prediabetic state. All the study participants had the examined antibodies determined along with the panel of biochemical tests and neurological examination for diabetic neuropathy and fundus examination. Results. Anti-GAD antibodies were present in both groups of patients. Their presence was found in 30% of people with type 1 diabetes and in 16% of people with diabetes type 2. The presence of ANA antibodies was found in 24% of people with type 1 diabetes and 22% of people with type 2 diabetes. There was no correlation between the presence of ANA antibodies ANA and duration of diabetes. In the group of patients with type 1 diabetes, there was a correlation between the presence of ANA and the incidence of diabetic polyneuropathy. ASMA and APCA antibodies occurred with equal frequency in both studied groups (4% vs. 10%). There were no antibodies of AMA or anti-LKM in any of the patients. Conclusions. Marking of ANA antibodies in patients with type 1 diabetes may be a marker used to isolate a group of patients at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy. The presence of anti-GAD in type 2 diabetes may be a LADA marker which specifically marks the group of patients with type 2 diabetes, in whom there is a faster metabolic death of beta cells. The current classification of diabetes is vague, and in the near future it should be modified based on specific patient characteristics, phenotypic appearance, as well as the results of additional tests. Determination of antibodies AMA, ASMA, APCA and anti-LKM does not seem to be significant in the diagnosis of diabetes and its chronic complications

The limited prognostic value of liver histology in children with biliary atresia

Background and rationale for the study. The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic value of histopathological findings with special care to the severity of liver fibrosis at the moment of hepatopor-toenterostomy (HPE) in children with biliary atresia (BA). We performed analysis of 142 wedge liver biopsies taken at the time of HPE. All patients were operated by the same surgical team between 1995 and 2007. According to the outcome 6 months after HPE patients were divided into prognostic groups: group 1-bilirubin level 2 mg% (n = 77). Liver biopsies were re-evaluated according to the extended histopathological protocol and then were compared between the prognostic groups. Survival with native liver (SNL) estimates were performed in regard to severity of liver fibrosis.Results. Survival with native liver estimates after 2, 5 and 10 years in patients after successful operation were 96%, 91%, 75% vs. 30%, 11%, and 5% if operation failed (p < 0.001). There was no difference between groups in the following variables: fibrosis (p = 0.69), portal inflammation (p = 0.99), lobular inflammation (p = 0.95), cholangiolitis (p = 0.23), accumulation of bile pigments (zone 1:p = 0.49; zone 2:p = 0.51; zone 3:p = 0.48), bile plugs in canaliculi (p = 0.12), bile plugs in ducts (p = 0.32), bilirubinostasis in hepatocytes (p = 0.45), bile ductular proliferation (p = 0.59), ductal plate malformation (p = 0.12), focal necrosis (p = 0.44), giant cell transformation (p = 0.45), haematopoesis (p = 0.52), ductopenia (p = 0.46), microabscesses (p = 0.49), ballooning of hepatocytes (p = 0.08). The actuarial 5/10-year SNL was not dependent on severity of liver fibrosis (log-rank test p = 0.84). The severity of fibrosis corresponded neither with the age at HPE nor with the laboratory findings before operation but increased the risk of portal hypertension.Conclusion. Liver histology at the time of HPE is of limited value in prognosis making in BA

Composition of inflammatory infiltrate and its correlation with HBV/HCV antigen expression

AIM: To study the composition of liver inflammatory infiltrate in biopsy material from patients chronically infected with hepatotropic viruses and to evaluate the correlation of inflammatory infiltrate with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral antigen expression in chronic B and C hepatitis

Evaluation of the Usefulness of a Serological Test for Diagnosis of Celiac Disease Simultaneously Detecting Specific Antibodies and Total IgA

The diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) at the first diagnostic step requires the detection of specific class A antibodies to tissue transglutaminase type-2 (TG2 IgA) and the measurement of total immunoglobulin A (tIgA) to exclude IgA deficiency. The aim of the study was to evaluate the new quantitative immunoassay panel allowing for the detection of celiac-specific antibodies with the simultaneous determination of tIgA from the same sample of blood at one time. This retrospective study included 104 pediatric patients divided into groups with recognized CD and IgA deficiency (n = 20; 19%), immunocompetent children with CD (n = 28; 27%), children with IgA deficiency and without CD (n = 28; 27%), and the control group of immunocompetent children without CD (n = 28; 27%). Intestinal biopsy with histopathological evaluation (except five patients with CD who were diagnosed without biopsy) and measurement of reference celiac specific antibodies were performed in all children. Multiparametric quantitative immunoassay Polycheck® Celiac IgA plus total IgA test was used to evaluate its usefulness in CD screening and IgA deficiency diagnosis. The statistical analysis showed the high sensitivity and specificity of both TG2 IgA and tIgA on the multiparametric panel (sensitivity 96% and 100%; specificity 100% and 79%, respectively). The accuracy and area under the ROC curve for tIgA were 0.904 and 0.955, while for TG2 IgA they were 0.982 and 1.000, respectively. Although the sensitivity of IgA antibodies against deaminated gliadin peptides was low (20%), the specificity reached 100%. The study showed that Polycheck® Celiac IgA plus total IgA test is a specific and sensitive tool for simultaneous serological CD screening and recognition of IgA deficiency

The Impact of a CMV Infection on the Expression of Selected Immunological Parameters in Liver Tissue in Children with Biliary Atresia

The pathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA) is still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of selected immunological parameters in liver tissue in BA children based on CMV/EBV infection status. Eight of thirty-one children with newly diagnosed BA were included in this prospective study and assigned to two groups (I with active infection, II without active or past infection). All studies were performed on surgical liver biopsies. To visualize CD8+ T cells and CD56 expression, immunohistochemical staining was performed. The viral genetic material in the studied groups was not found, but CMV infection significantly affected the number of CD8+ lymphocytes in both the portal area and the bile ducts. The average number of CD8+ cells per mm2 of portal area in Groups I and II was 335 and 200 (p = 0.002). The average number of these cellsthat infiltrated the epithelium of the bile duct per mm2 in Group I and II was 0.73 and 0.37 (p = 0.0003), respectively. Expression of CD56 in the bile ducts corresponded to the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate of CD8+ cells. Our results suggest that active CMV infection induces an increased infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes, which could play a role in BA immunopathogenesis. Increased CD56 expression can be a sign of a newly formed bile structure often without lumen, suggesting inhibition of the maturation process in BA

Gastrointestinal disorders next to respiratory infections as leading symptoms of X-linked agammaglobulinemia in children – 34-year experience of a single center

Introduction: Respiratory tract infections constitute the most frequent manifestation of X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). There are not many papers elucidating gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in such patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders and IBD compared to respiratory tract infections in XLA individuals. Material and methods : Of 1563 patients with primary immunodeficiencies diagnosed in the Department of Immunology, the Children’s Memorial Health Institute (CMHI), 66 boys had a provisional diagnosis of agammaglobulinemia. Forty-four subjects fulfilled definitive ESID (European Society for Immunodeficiencies) diagnostic criteria of XLA. A retrospective analysis of medical history of XLA patients was undertaken. Results : Recurrent respiratory tract infections, particularly bronchitis (73%) and pneumonia (59%), were the most common symptoms of XLA. The GI disorders constituted the next main manifestation (63.6%), followed by upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Twenty-six of 28 XLA patients with GI disorders complained of diarrhea, which was resolved generally after immunoglobulin therapy introduction. Single but prolonged episodes of Campylobacter jejuni diarrhea were reported in two individuals. Inflammatory bowel disease of mild to moderate activity was diagnosed in 1 patient, and local enteritis of mild activity in another one. Conclusions : Gastrointestinal disorders were one of the main manifestations of XLA, reported almost as often as lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). The most common GI symptom was diarrhea, which usually resolved after immunoglobulin therapy was started. Infections caused by Giardia lamblia were reported occasionally. Inflammatory bowel disease was diagnosed quite exceptionally, which presumably may be connected with normal T cell immunity