Effect of baselevel change on floodplain and fan sediment storage and ephemeral tributary channel morphology, Navarro River, California

Managed baselevel lowering in tributaries that emerge from small canyons onto forested floodplains affects floodplain and fan sediment storage and small ephemeral tributary channel morphology in the Navarro River basin, Mendocino Country, California, USA. Numerous small tributaries (drainage areas up to several square kilometres) flow through culverts under Highway 128 across the forested floodplain of the Navarro River and one of its major tributaries, the North Fork. Excavation significantly deepened and widened these small tributaries upstream and downstream of culverts under the highway following the 1997 flood (recurrence interval 12 years), that inundated both the floodplain and the highway and culvert system. The excavation lowered the local baselevel of the tributary systems within the floodplain. This field study documents the effect of the lowered baselevel on floodplain and fan sediment storage and ephemeral tributary channel morphology. Excavation created defined channels in the floodplain where no channels previously existed. Additionally, the excavation and baselevel change created steps, or knickpoints, that migrated headward and incised the upstream tributary channels. Tributary incision decreases the sediment storage potential of the fan and floodplain and reduces the residence time for storage of fine sediment. A reduction in fine sediment residence time degrades downstream habitat for anadromous fish and other aquatic organisms in the Navarro River. Large wood influences floodplain and small tributary channel morphology by forming steps and increases sediment residence time by trapping sediment in forested tributary-fan-floodplain systems. Although this field investigation is specific to the Navarro River basin, our findings linking culvert maintenance excavation to geomorphic processes may be extended to other roads on forested floodplains in the Pacific Northwest or other systems with roads on floodplains

2002, Restoration of floodplain topography by sandsplay complex formation in response to intentional levee breaches

formation in response to intentional levee breaches

Effect of baselevel change on floodplain and fan sediment storage and ephemeral tributary channel morphology, Navarro River, California

Managed baselevel lowering in tributaries that emerge from small canyons onto forested floodplains affects floodplain and fan sediment storage and small ephemeral tributary channel morphology in the Navarro River basin, Mendocino Country, California, USA. Numerous small tributaries (drainage areas up to several square kilometres) flow through culverts under Highway 128 across the forested floodplain of the Navarro River and one of its major tributaries, the North Fork. Excavation significantly deepened and widened these small tributaries upstream and downstream of culverts under the highway following the 1997 flood (recurrence interval 12 years), that inundated both the floodplain and the highway and culvert system. The excavation lowered the local baselevel of the tributary systems within the floodplain. This field study documents the effect of the lowered baselevel on floodplain and fan sediment storage and ephemeral tributary channel morphology. Excavation created defined channels in the floodplain where no channels previously existed. Additionally, the excavation and baselevel change created steps, or knickpoints, that migrated headward and incised the upstream tributary channels. Tributary incision decreases the sediment storage potential of the fan and floodplain and reduces the residence time for storage of fine sediment. A reduction in fine sediment residence time degrades downstream habitat for anadromous fish and other aquatic organisms in the Navarro River. Large wood influences floodplain and small tributary channel morphology by forming steps and increases sediment residence time by trapping sediment in forested tributary-fan-floodplain systems. Although this field investigation is specific to the Navarro River basin, our findings linking culvert maintenance excavation to geomorphic processes may be extended to other roads on forested floodplains in the Pacific Northwest or other systems with roads on floodplains

Effect of storms during drought on post-wildfire recovery of channel sediment dynamics and habitat in the southern California chaparral, USA

Current global warming projections suggest a possible increase in wildfire and drought, augmenting the need to understand how drought following wildfire affects the recovery of stream channels in relation to sediment dynamics. We investigated post-wildfire geomorphic responses caused by storms during a prolonged drought following the 2013 Springs Fire in southern California (USA), using multi-temporal Terrestrial Laser Scanning and detailed field measurements. After the fire, a dry-season dry-ravel sediment pulse contributed sand and small gravel to hillslope-channel margins in Big Sycamore Creek and its tributaries. A small storm in WY 2014 generated sufficient flow to mobilize a portion of the sediment derived from the dry-ravel pulse and deposited the fine sediment in the channel, totaling ~0.60 m3/m of volume per unit length of channel. The sediment deposit buried step-pool habitat structure and reduced roughness by over 90%. These changes altered sediment transport characteristics of the bed material present before and after the storm; the ratio of available to critical shear stress (t o / t c ) increased by five times. Storms during WY 2015 contributed additional fine sediment from tributaries and lower hillslopes and hyperconcentrated flow transported and deposited additional sediment in the channel. Together these sources delivered sediment on the order of six times that in 2014, further increasing t o / t c . These storms during multi-year drought following wildfire transformed channel dynamics. The increased sediment transport capacity persisted during the drought period characterized by the longer residence time of relatively fine-grained post-fire channel sedimentation. This contrasts with wetter years, when post-fire sediment is transported from the fluvial system during the same season as the post-fire sediment pulse. Results of this short-term study highlight the complex and substantial effects of multi-year drought on geomorphic responses following wildfire. These responses influence pool habitat that is critical to longer-term post-wildfire riparian ecosystem recovery

Effect of storms during drought on post-wildfire recovery of channel sediment dynamics and habitat in the southern California chaparral, USA

Current global warming projections suggest a possible increase in wildfire and drought, augmenting the need to understand how drought following wildfire affects the recovery of stream channels in relation to sediment dynamics. We investigated post-wildfire geomorphic responses caused by storms during a prolonged drought following the 2013 Springs Fire in southern California (USA), using multi-temporal Terrestrial Laser Scanning and detailed field measurements. After the fire, a dry-season dry-ravel sediment pulse contributed sand and small gravel to hillslope-channel margins in Big Sycamore Creek and its tributaries. A small storm in WY 2014 generated sufficient flow to mobilize a portion of the sediment derived from the dry-ravel pulse and deposited the fine sediment in the channel, totaling ~0.60 m3/m of volume per unit length of channel. The sediment deposit buried step-pool habitat structure and reduced roughness by over 90%. These changes altered sediment transport characteristics of the bed material present before and after the storm; the ratio of available to critical shear stress (t o / t c ) increased by five times. Storms during WY 2015 contributed additional fine sediment from tributaries and lower hillslopes and hyperconcentrated flow transported and deposited additional sediment in the channel. Together these sources delivered sediment on the order of six times that in 2014, further increasing t o / t c . These storms during multi-year drought following wildfire transformed channel dynamics. The increased sediment transport capacity persisted during the drought period characterized by the longer residence time of relatively fine-grained post-fire channel sedimentation. This contrasts with wetter years, when post-fire sediment is transported from the fluvial system during the same season as the post-fire sediment pulse. Results of this short-term study highlight the complex and substantial effects of multi-year drought on geomorphic responses following wildfire. These responses influence pool habitat that is critical to longer-term post-wildfire riparian ecosystem recovery

A Workflow to Estimate Topographic and Volumetric Changes and Errors in Channel Sedimentation after Disturbance

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) methods, such as ground-based Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), have enabled collection of high-resolution point clouds of elevation data to calculate changes in fluvial systems after disturbance, but are often accompanied by uncertainty and errors. This paper reviews and compares TLS analysis methods and develops a workflow to estimate topographic and volumetric changes in channel sedimentation after disturbance. Four analytic methods to estimate topographic and volumetric changes were compared by quantifying the uncertainty in TLS-derived products: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of difference (DOD), Cloud to Cloud (C2C), Cloud to Mesh (C2M), and Multiple Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2). Mean errors across surfaces within each dataset contributed to a propagation error of 0.015–0.016 m and 0.017–0.018 m for the point clouds and derived DEMs, respectively. The estimated error of the total volumetric change implied increased errors in the conversion of point clouds into a surface by C2M and DOD; whereas C2C and M3C2 were generally simpler, efficient, and accurate techniques for evaluating topographic changes. The comparison of methods to analyze TLS data will contribute to applications of remote sensing of hydro-geomorphic processes in stream channels after disturbance. The workflow presented also aids in estimating uncertainties inherent in data collection and analytic methods for topographic and volumetric change analysis