6 research outputs found
Chain Length Dependent Excited-State Decay Processes of Diluted PF2/6 Solutions
The excited-state dynamics of a series
of four poly[2,7-(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene]
fractions, PF2/6, with different chain length (degrees of polymerization
DP: 5, 10, 39, and 205) was investigated in dilute solutions by steady-state
and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. Two decay components are
extracted from time-resolved fluorescence experiments in the picosecond
time domain: a chain length dependent, fast decay time (τ<sub>2</sub>) for shorter emission wavelengths (ranging from 30 to 41
ps), which is associated with a rising component at longer wavelengths,
and a longer decay time, τ<sub>1</sub> (ranging from 387 to
452 ps). The system was investigated with kinetic formalisms involving
(i) a two-state system (A and B) involving conformational relaxation
of the initially excited PF2/6 segment (A) under formation of a more
planar (B) relaxed state and (ii) a time-dependent red shift of the
emission spectrum using the Stokes shift correlation function (SSCF).
In the case of (i), the kinetic scheme was solved considering the
simultaneous excitation of A and B or only of A, and the rate constants
for formation [<i>k</i>′<sub>CR</sub> or <i>k</i>′<sub>CR</sub>(α)], dissociation (<i>k</i><sub>–CR</sub>), and deactivation (<i>k</i><sub>B</sub><sup>*</sup>) were obtained
together with the fraction of species A and B present in the ground
state. The use of the SSCF in (ii) was found to be more adequate leading
to a decay law with a 3.4 ps component (associated with the slow part
of the solvation dynamics process) and a longer decay (43.3 ps) associated
with the conformational/torsional relaxation process with a rate constant <i>k</i><sub>CR</sub>. This longer component of the SSCF was found
to be identical to the short-living decay (τ<sub>2</sub>) component
of the biexponential decays, displaying an Arrhenius-type behavior
with activation energy values in the range 5.8–8.9 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> in toluene and 6.5–10.7 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> in decalin. From the dependence of the fast decay component (<i>k</i><sub>CR</sub> ≡ 1/τ<sub>2</sub>) on solvent
viscosity and temperature, the activation energy for the conformational
relaxation process was found to be distinctly dependent on the chain
length, with the relaxation rate dependence with the solvent viscosity
(<i>k</i><sub>CR</sub> ≈ η<sup>– γ</sup>) displaying γ = 1 for the oligomer fraction with DP = 5 (i.e., <i>k</i><sub>CR</sub> is associated with a pure diffusion-controlled
process) and γ < 1 for the higher molecular weight PF2/6
fractions (with DP = 10, 39, 205). This happens because of a decreased
conformational barrier between nonrelaxed and relaxed states promoted
by the polymer skeleton
Excited State Characterization and Energy Transfer in Hyperbranched Polytruxenes and Polytruxene-<i>block</i>-Polythiophene Multiblock Copolymers
A comprehensive investigation of the excited state characteristics
of two hyperbranched truxene polymers [one end-terminated with poly(3-hexylthiophene)
blocks, P3HT] and a bistruxene model compound has been undertaken
aiming to rationalize its inherent photophysical properties, including
the energy transfer processes between the truxene (donor) and P3HT
(acceptor) moieties. The study comprises qualitative absorption, emission,
and triplet-singlet difference spectra, together with quantitative
measurements of quantum yields (fluorescence, intersystem crossing,
internal conversion and singlet oxygen formation) and fluorescence
decay times. From the time-resolved data in solvents of different
viscosity and as a function of temperature, it was established that
with the P3HT-terminated hyperbranched polytruxene, the excited state
deactivation mainly results from energy transfer and that conformational
relaxation is absent in these systems, which gives further support
for the rigidity of these polymers both in the ground and excited
state. An energy transfer efficiency of 91% was obtained at room temperature.
From a qualitative analysis of the data, it was also seen that radiationless
processes (particularly the S<sub>1</sub>∼∼→S<sub>0</sub> internal conversion channel) mainly contribute to the excited
state deactivation of the hyperbranched polytruxenes, a behavior that
is in contrast to what was observed for the bistruxene model compound.
Spectral and fluorescence time-resolved data in thin films was also
obtained and compared with the solution data
Photoinduced Energy and Electron-Transfer Reactions by Polypyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing a Derivatized Perylene Diimide
The
[Ru(II) (phen)<sub>2</sub>(pPDIp)]<sup>2+</sup> complex, where
pPDIp is the symmetric bridging ligand phenanthroline–perylene–phenanthroline,
shows strong electronic absorption bands attributed to the pPDIp and
{Ru(phen)<sub>2</sub>}<sup>2+</sup> moieties in acetonitrile. The
charge-separated intermediate {Ru(III) (phen)<sub>2</sub>(pPDIp<sup>–•</sup>)} was detected by transient absorption spectroscopy
upon electronic excitation in either the pPDIp or the complex moieties.
The charge-separated intermediate species decays to generate the triplet
state <sup>3</sup>*pPDIp-Ru(II) (τ<sub>P</sub> = 1.8 μs)
that sensitizes the formation of singlet molecular oxygen with quantum
yield ϕ<sub>Δ</sub> = 0.57. The dyad in deaerated acetonitrile
solutions is reduced by triethylamine (NEt<sub>3</sub>) to the [Ru(II)
(phen)<sub>2</sub>(pPDIp<sup>•–</sup>)] radical anion
in the dark. The electron-transfer reaction is accelerated by light
absorption. By photolysis of the radical anion, a second electron
transfer reaction occurs to generate the [Ru(II) (phen)<sub>2</sub>(pPDIp<sup>2–</sup>)] dianion. The changes of the color of
solution indicate the redox states of complexes and offer a sensitive
reporter of each stage of redox reaction from start to finish. The
reduced complexes can be converted to the initial complex, using methyl
viologen or molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor. The accumulation
of electrons in two well-separated steps opens promising opportunities
such as in catalysis
Triphenylamine–Benzimidazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Excited-State Characterization, and DFT Studies
The synthesis and comprehensive characterization
of the excited
states of four novel triphenylamine–benzimidazole derivatives
has been undertaken in solution (ethanol and methylcyclohexane) at
room temperature. This includes the determination of the absorption,
fluorescence, and triplet–triplet absorption spectra, together
with quantum yields of fluorescence, internal conversion, intersystem
crossing, and singlet oxygen. From the overall data the radiative
and radiationless rate constants could be obtained, and it is shown
that the compounds are highly emissive with the radiative decay dominating,
with more than 70% of the quanta loss through this deactivation channel.
The basic structure of the triphenylamine–benzimidazole derivatives
(<b>1a</b>) was modified at position 5 of the heterocyclic moiety
with electron-donating (OH (<b>1b</b>), OCH<sub>3</sub> (<b>1c</b>)) or electron-withdrawing groups (CN, (<b>1d)</b>). It was found that the photophysical properties remain basically
unchanged with the different substitutions, although a marked Stokes
shift was observed with <b>1d</b>. The presence and nature of
a charge-transfer transition is discussed with the help of theoretical
(DFT and TDFT) data. All compounds displayed exceptionally high thermal
stability (between 399 and 454 °C) as seen by thermogravimetric
analysis
Multifaceted Regioregular Oligo(thieno[3,4‑<i>b</i>]thiophene)s Enabled by Tunable Quinoidization and Reduced Energy Band Gap
Thiophene-based
materials have occupied a crucial position in the
development of organic electronics. However, the energy band gaps
of oligo- and polythiophenes are difficult to modulate without resorting
to push–pull electronic effects. We describe herein a new series
of monodisperse oligo(thieno[3,4-<i>b</i>]thiophene) derivatives
with well-defined regioregular structures synthesized efficiently
by direct C–H arylation. These compounds show a unique palette
of colors and amphoteric redox properties with widely tunable energy
band gaps. The capacity to stabilize both cations and anions results
in both anodic and cathodic electrochromism. Under excitation, these
compounds can produce photoionized states able to interconvert into
neutral triplet or form these through singlet exciton fission or intersystem
crossing. These features arise from a progressive increase in quinoidization
on a fully planar platform making the largest effective conjugation
length among hetero-oligomers. Oligo(thieno[3,4-<i>b</i>]thiophene)s might represent the more distinctive family of oligothiophenes
of this decade
Multifaceted Regioregular Oligo(thieno[3,4‑<i>b</i>]thiophene)s Enabled by Tunable Quinoidization and Reduced Energy Band Gap
Thiophene-based
materials have occupied a crucial position in the
development of organic electronics. However, the energy band gaps
of oligo- and polythiophenes are difficult to modulate without resorting
to push–pull electronic effects. We describe herein a new series
of monodisperse oligo(thieno[3,4-<i>b</i>]thiophene) derivatives
with well-defined regioregular structures synthesized efficiently
by direct C–H arylation. These compounds show a unique palette
of colors and amphoteric redox properties with widely tunable energy
band gaps. The capacity to stabilize both cations and anions results
in both anodic and cathodic electrochromism. Under excitation, these
compounds can produce photoionized states able to interconvert into
neutral triplet or form these through singlet exciton fission or intersystem
crossing. These features arise from a progressive increase in quinoidization
on a fully planar platform making the largest effective conjugation
length among hetero-oligomers. Oligo(thieno[3,4-<i>b</i>]thiophene)s might represent the more distinctive family of oligothiophenes
of this decade