Additional file 1: of Linkage of national soil quality measurements to primary care medical records in England and Wales: a new resource for investigating environmental impacts on human health

Maps of soil element levels by United Kingdom Strategic Health Authority area. Contains Ordnance Survey data Š Crown Copyright and database rights [2015]. (DOCX 33519 kb

Additional file 2: of Linkage of national soil quality measurements to primary care medical records in England and Wales: a new resource for investigating environmental impacts on human health

Observed range of concentrations of 15 linked constituent elements in the residential soils of patients enrolled in The Health Improvement Network database on the date of the 2011 UK census, by Strategic Health Authority, and comparison with the expected range of concentrations in the residential soils of the entire Strategic Health Authority populations, estimated using 2011 Census population distributions. Boxes indicate interquartile ranges, midlines indicate median values and whiskers are drawn to the upper and lower adjacent values. (PDF 87 kb

Additional file 6: of Small area synthetic estimates of smoking prevalence during pregnancy in England

Comparison of IFS-based estimates and model-based synthetic estimates. (PDF 54 kb

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 3

<p>Observational study findings for a relationship between breastfeeding ever (A) or exclusive breastfeeding for ≥3–4 months (B) and type 1 diabetes mellitus. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; W, weight.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 2

<p>Observational study findings for a relationship between breastfeeding ever and recurrent wheeze at age 5–14 years (A) and a Funnel plot for this analysis showing evidence of publication bias (B). Egger test <i>P</i> = 0.012. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; W, weight.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 5

<p>RCT findings for probiotic supplementation compared with no probiotics and risk of allergic sensitisation to any allergen (A), any inhalant allergen (B), any food allergen (C), egg (D), milk (E), or peanut (F). CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

GRADE assessment and summary of key findings.

<p>GRADE assessment and summary of key findings.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 8

<p>Randomised controlled trial findings for multifaceted dietary interventions compared with no multifaceted intervention and risk of allergic rhinitis at age ≤4 years (A) or 5–14 years (B), wheeze (C) or recurrent wheeze (D) at age 5–14 years, and wheeze (E) or recurrent wheeze (F) at age ≤4 years. CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 9

<p>RCT findings for vitamin supplementation compared with no vitamin supplementation and risk of wheeze (A), recurrent wheeze (B), or eczema (C) at age ≤4 years. CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

TSA of intervention trials evaluating the effect of fish oil supplementation on risk of allergic sensitisation to egg.

<p>The vertical red line is the optimal information size, i.e., the cumulative sample size required to establish with 80% power and 5% 2-sided significance whether the intervention reduces risk of the outcome by ≥20%, allowing for repeatedly meta-analysing the accumulating studies. The horizontal green line is a z score of +1.96, equal to two-sided <i>P</i> = 0.05. The cumulative Z-statistic (blue line) does not reach the optimal information size and does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary (curved red line), indicating no clear evidence for ≥20% relative risk reduction. Findings were similar for ≥30% relative risk reduction. No., number; TSA, trial sequential analysis.</p