15,466 research outputs found
Optical Weak Link between Two Spatially Separate Bose-Einstein Condensates
Two spatially separate Bose-Einstein condensates were prepared in an optical
double-well potential. A bidirectional coupling between the two condensates was
established by two pairs of Bragg beams which continuously outcoupled atoms in
opposite directions. The atomic currents induced by the optical coupling depend
on the relative phase of the two condensates and on an additional controllable
coupling phase. This was observed through symmetric and antisymmetric
correlations between the two outcoupled atom fluxes. A Josephson optical
coupling of two condensates in a ring geometry is proposed. The continuous
outcoupling method was used to monitor slow relative motions of two elongated
condensates and characterize the trapping potential.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Observation of inhomogeneous domain nucleation in epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 capacitors
We investigated domain nucleation process in epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 capacitors
under a modified piezoresponse force microscope. We obtained domain evolution
images during polarization switching process and observed that domain
nucleation occurs at particular sites. This inhomogeneous nucleation process
should play an important role in an early stage of switching and under a high
electric field. We found that the number of nuclei is linearly proportional to
log(switching time), suggesting a broad distribution of activation energies for
nucleation. The nucleation sites for a positive bias differ from those for a
negative bias, indicating that most nucleation sites are located at
ferroelectric/electrode interfaces
Low velocity quantum reflection of Bose-Einstein condensates
We studied quantum reflection of Bose-Einstein condensates at normal
incidence on a square array of silicon pillars. For incident velocities of
2.5-26 mm/s observations agreed with theoretical predictions that the
Casimir-Polder potential of a reduced density surface would reflect slow atoms
with much higher probability. At low velocities (0.5-2.5 mm/s), we observed
that the reflection probability saturated around 60% rather than increasing
towards unity. We present a simple model which explains this reduced
reflectivity as resulting from the combined effects of the Casimir-Polder plus
mean field potential and predicts the observed saturation. Furthermore, at low
incident velocities, the reflected condensates show collective excitations.Comment: 4 figure
Polarization Switching Dynamics Governed by Thermodynamic Nucleation Process in Ultrathin Ferroelectric Films
A long standing problem of domain switching process - how domains nucleate -
is examined in ultrathin ferroelectric films. We demonstrate that the large
depolarization fields in ultrathin films could significantly lower the
nucleation energy barrier (U*) to a level comparable to thermal energy (kBT),
resulting in power-law like polarization decay behaviors. The "Landauer's
paradox": U* is thermally insurmountable is not a critical issue in the
polarization switching of ultrathin ferroelectric films. We empirically find a
universal relation between the polarization decay behavior and U*/kBT.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Phase Sensitive Recombination of Two Bose-Einstein Condensates on an Atom Chip
The recombination of two split Bose-Einstein condensates on an atom chip is
shown to result in heating which depends on the relative phase of the two
condensates. This heating reduces the number of condensate atoms between 10 and
40% and provides a robust way to read out the phase of an atom interferometer
without the need for ballistic expansion. The heating may be caused by the
dissipation of dark solitons created during the merging of the condensates.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Gas-Rich Dwarf Galaxies from the PSS-II --- II. Optical Properties
We describe the optical properties of a sample of 101 gas-rich field dwarf
galaxies found on PSS-II (Second Palomar Sky Survey) plates, most newly
discovered as part of a survey to investigate the clustering properties of
dwarf galaxies relative to giants. These galaxies have low surface brightnesses
and are relatively distant, with recession velocities ranging up to 10,000
km/s. They have bluer V-I colors (median value of 0.75) than either actively
star-forming giant galaxies or low metallicity globular clusters, implying that
these dwarfs have both low metallicities and little past star formation. These
galaxies are also extremely gas rich, with a median HI mass to V luminosity
ratio of approximately 2 in solar units. We divide the sample into two groups:
true dwarfs with diameters (at 25 I mag arcsec^-2) less than 7.5 kpc and
Magellanic dwarfs with diameters greater than that value. The true dwarfs have
greater HI mass to V luminosity ratios and slightly bluer V-I colors than the
Magellanic dwarfs. Overall, the optical properties of our sample of dwarf
galaxies point towards their being quiescent objects that have undergone little
star formation over the age of the universe. They are not faded objects, but
instead may be going through one of their first periods of weak star formation.Comment: 27 pages, to appear in 20 May 1997 ApJ, paper also available at
http://www.astro.nwu.edu/astro/pildis/dwarfphot.html and
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/dwarf.htm
"To Be Nice or Not to Be Nice?” That’s Not the Question: A Case from Clinical Pastoral Education Supervision
A cluster of CPE educators in the former Eastern Region of APCE, present a case study of supervision, using the familiar format of reflections from educational, personality theory and theology
- …