LFS induced a stable LTD in mPFC only when applied under urethane-driven slow-wave context.

<p>(A) fPSP amplitude throughout baseline (30 min) and post-LFS monitoring (240 min), depicting amplitudes averaged in 10 min blocks and normalized in relation to baseline mean amplitude. Significant differences are indicated by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by the Newman-Keuls post-hoc test (a = PILO vs. aCSF; b = NIC vs. aCSF; p<0.05). The sequence of averaged fPSPs above the chart represents a typical aCSF-LFS experiment, where post-LFS fPSPs (red) are superimposed on baseline fPSPs (black). Such fPSPs are roughly aligned with the time course of the chart. (B) Timeline summarizing the procedures for LFS experiments. (C) Data from chart A clustered in blocks of 2 h after LFS, showing the stability of PILO and NIC effects throughout the monitoring. Data are shown as mean ± SEM.</p

HFS induced a late LTP in mPFC only when applied under PILO and NIC effects.

<p>(A) fPSP amplitude throughout baseline (30 min) and post-HFS monitoring (240 min), depicting amplitudes averaged in 10-min blocks and normalized in relation to baseline mean amplitude. Significant differences are indicated by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by the Newman-Keuls post-hoc test (a = PILO vs. aCSF; b = NIC vs. aCSF; p<0.05). The sequence of averaged fPSPs above the chart represents a typical PILO-HFS experiment, where post-HFS fPSPs (red) are superimposed on baseline fPSPs (black). Such fPSPs are roughly aligned with the time course of the chart. (B) Timeline summarizing the procedures for HFS experiments. (C) Data from chart A clustered in blocks of 2 h after HFS, highlighting PILO and NIC significant effects restricted to the second half of the monitoring. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.</p

LFP power spectrum comparing mPFC and MD oscillatory activity before, during, and after microinjection.

<p>(A) Charts detailing PILO and NIC effects on LFPs, showing a decrease in delta (0.5–4 Hz), as well as an increase in theta (4–12 Hz), beta (12–30 Hz), and gamma (30–80 Hz) relative power. The LFP changes induced by NIC occurred earlier than those induced by PILO, with a shorter duration of theta potentiation, and a stronger potentiation of beta and gamma waves. The data were obtained from all aCSF, PILO and NIC rats of the synaptic plasticity experiments. Significant differences are indicated by two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post-hoc test (black bar: aCSF vs. PILO; red bar: aCSF vs. NIC). (B) Representative EEG tracings from mPFC and MD before and after icv microinjections. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.</p

There were correlations between the level of LFP changes and fPSP amplitudes throughout the monitoring.

<p>The four plots represent the highest concentration of significant correlations, specifically between the delta, theta, and beta bands recorded prior to HFS and the 120–150 min time point after HFS. The lower the delta in mPFC and MD, the higher the fPSP amplitudes (top). The higher the theta-beta in mPFC, the higher the fPSP amplitudes (bottom).</p

Histological validation of implants and typical prefrontal fPSPs.

<p>(A) Positioning of electrodes and cannulae from a coronal point of view. For mPFC and MD, coronal plates represent the anteroposterior variation of the electrode tip positioning (red dots), preferentially at the PrL of mPFC (layer-inespecific) and the anterior half of MD (subdivision-inespecific), both in the left hemisphere. For LV, the coronal plates show the variation of the cannula positioning (red bars) just above the right lateral ventricle, where the experimental drugs were injected. In the representative Nissl-stained coronal sections, the arrows point to typical electrolytic lesions (applied after the end of the experiments) and cannula tract. (B) Once the recording electrode was positioned at the mPFC, a typical dorsoventral profile of fPSPs was consistently evoked across subjects, while the stimulation electrode was lowered towards the MD (see details in the text). (C) Diversity of MD-evoked fPSPs recorded in the mPFC. The first fPSP shows a clear differentiation between two distinct negative peaks, which we termed N1 (amplitude 108.20±9.32 µV; latency 6.85±0.15 ms) and N2 (amplitude 270.00±17.10 µV; latency 13.43±0.17 ms). Such an aspect of fPSP was obtained in approximately half the subjects. In some cases, like the second fPSP, the N1 peak was subtle. Finally, in some other cases, like the third fPSP, the N1 peak was indistinguishable.</p

Amplitude and latency of MD-evoked fPSPs recorded in the mPFC during baseline.

<p>Intergroup one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.</p

Temporal expression of the core clock transcripts in the hippocampus of rats.

<p>A) Relative amounts of transcripts at different ZT after normalization to <i>Tubb2a</i>/<i>Rplp1</i>. Data are presented as mean (n = 5 rats/ZT). Statistical test for circandian analysis by Acrophase (left) and CirWawe (right). B) Overlap of cosine fitting curves illustrating the phase relation of clock transcripts. For clarity reasons, data are doubleblotted against <i>Zeitgeber time</i> (ZT).</p

Advanced classical mechanics

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for postgraduates, researchers of applied mathematics, theoretical physics and students of engineering who need a good understanding of classical mechanics. In this book emphasis has been placed on the logical ordering of topics and appropriate formulation of the key mathematical equations with a view to imparting a clear idea of the basic tools of the subject and improving the problem solving skills of the students. The book provides a largely self-contained exposition to the topics with new ideas as a smooth continuation of the preceding ones. It is expected to give a systematic and comprehensive coverage of the methods of classical mechanics

Impact of diurnal variation on <i>Per3</i> expression analysis in hippocampus of epileptic rats.

<p>Relative amounts of <i>Per3</i>, transcripts in epileptic rats ZT08 (A) and ZT12 (B) after normalization to <i>Tubb2a</i>/<i>Rplp1</i>. Significant differences were evaluated using Unpaired Student’s t-test comparing results between epileptic and each ZT of naive group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. Data are presented as mean+SEM (n = 5 (ZT8) and 4 (ZT12) rats in epileptic group and n = 5 rats/time point in naive).</p

Impact of diurnal variation on <i>Clock</i> expression analysis in hippocampus of epileptic rats.

<p>Relative amounts of <i>Clock</i> transcripts in epileptic rats ZT08 (A) and ZT12 (B) after normalization to <i>Tubb2a</i>/<i>Rplp1</i>. Significant differences were evaluated using Unpaired Student’s t-test comparing results between epileptic and each ZT of naive group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. Data are presented as mean+SEM (n = 4 rats in each epileptic group and 5 rats/time point in naive).</p