Naphthalene-2,6-dicarb­oxy­lic acid–1-methyl­pyrrolidin-2-one (1/2)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H8O4·2C5H9NO, contains one half-mol­ecule of naphthalene-2,6-dicarb­oxy­lic acid (NDA) and one mol­ecule of 1-methyl­pyrrolidin-2-one (NMP): the NDA molecules lie on the crystallographic twofold rotation axes. In the crystal, the components are linked by strong O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯O inter­actions

Smoking Dose Modifies the Association between C242T Polymorphism and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Population

Background: The C242T polymorphism of the CYBA gene that encodes p22phox, a component of NADPH oxidase, has been found to modulate superoxide production. Oxidase is a major source of the superoxide anion that contributes to individual components of metabolic syndrome. We examined the relationship of the C242T polymorphism with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population, taking account of consumed cigarette amounts. Methodology/Principal Findings: In 870 participants, we collected biomarkers related to metabolic syndrome and detailed history of smoking and genotyped the C242T polymorphisms. After adjustment for covariates, the CT/TT genotypes were associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome (P = 0.0008). The odds of having metabolic syndrome in the CT/TT participants were 0.439 (95%CI: 0.265, 0.726), while for CC participants the odds were 1.110 (95%CI: 0.904, 1.362). There was significant (P = 0.014) interaction between the C242T polymorphism and smoking status in relation to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. For smokers who smoke no less than 25 pack-years, those with CT/TT genotypes had lower risk of metabolic syndrome as compared with CC polymorphism carriers (P = 0.015). In the multiple regression analysis, the CT/TT genotypes were significantly associated with lower serum concentration of triglycerides both in all subjects and smokers; furthermore, the CT/TT genotypes were also related to smaller waist circumference in smokers. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the C242T gene polymorphism is indeed related to the prevalence of metaboli

Multiple regression analysis of C242T genotypes.

<p>HDL = high density lipoprotein.</p><p>LogTG = Log transformation of the triglycerides.</p>*<p>Adjusted for sex, age, body height, body weight, antihypertensive medication, antidiabetic medication, current smoking, alcohol intake and heart rate.</p>#<p>Adjusted for sex, age, body height, body weight, antihypertensive medication, antidiabetic medication, alcohol intake and heart rate.</p

Characteristics of the study groups stratified by genotype among smokers and nonsmokers.

<p>HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.</p>*<p>The values are the median (interquartile range).</p

Difference of prevalence of metabolic syndrome between C242T genotypes in all participants and smokers.

<p>The odds of prevalence of metabolic syndrome in genotypic group is expressed relative to the overall risk of all participants (A) or smokers (B), and adjusted for age, sex, body height, body weight, antihypertensive medication, antidiabetic medication, current smoking, alcohol intake and heart rate. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. For each genotype, the number of participants is given.</p

Difference of prevalence of metabolic syndrome between C242T genotypes in different smoking dose groups.

<p>The odds of prevalence of metabolic syndrome in genotypic group is expressed relative to the participants in each smoking dose group, and adjusted for the same covariates as in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031926#pone-0031926-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p