I28B SNP rs12979860 and rs8099917.

<p>N = 122</p><p>I28B SNP rs12979860 and rs8099917.</p

Logistic regression model to predict HCV-RNA positivity.

<p>Variables encoded as:</p><p>Have you <u>ever</u> been in <u><b>prison</b></u>? (Yes = 1; No = 0)</p><p>How many years ago have you <u><b>started</b></u> injecting drugs? In years</p><p>What is your <u><b>age</b></u>? In years</p><p>In which <u><b>region</b></u> does the person live? (Region 0: Western (Yes = 1; No = 0); Region 1: Eastern Yes = 1;No = 0); Region 2: Central (Yes = 1; No = 0),</p><p>Is the person living with <u><b>HIV</b></u>? (Yes = 1; No = 0)</p><p>Gender? (Female: 1; Male = 0)</p><p>Logistic regression model to predict HCV-RNA positivity.</p

HCV-genotypes stratified by gender and region.

<p>M: male, F: female, “undef” = undefined, n = 200. Gender difference for GT1 vs. 3 non-significant χ²-p = 0.34. Regional difference for GT1 vs. 3 non-significant χ²-p = 0.38.</p><p>HCV-genotypes stratified by gender and region.</p

Phylogenetic tree of the 5 UTR region of HCV.

<p>The tree is generated by the neighbour-joining method in MEGA 6. The symbol indicates the reference sequences. The first character of the code indicates the origin of the sample (K: Kathmandu, L: Lalitpur, (Central Region), B: Biratnagar (Eastern Region), and N: Nepalgunj (Western Region).</p

HCV-RNA positivity stratified by age.

<p>Rate of HCV-infection is associated with age (χ²-p<0.001, error bars show 95% CI).</p

Percentage of HCV genotype-frequencies.

<p>Percentage of HCV genotype-frequencies.</p

HIV infection stratified by gender and region of Nepal.

<p>M: male, F: female, 95% CI: 95%-confidence interval. n = 354. Gender difference (male vs. female) for HIV non-significant, χ²-p = 0.18. Regional difference (Nepalgunj vs. ‘other’) for HIV non- significant χ²-p = 0.07.</p><p>HIV infection stratified by gender and region of Nepal.</p

Rate of spontaneous clearance stratified by age and HIV status.

<p>Rate of spontaneous clearance of HCV is associated with age (spontaneous clearance associated with age: χ²-p<0.001) and HIV status (spontaneous clearance associated with HIV-status in “all” patients: two-sided Fischer’s Exact p = 0.03, error bars show 95% CI).</p

Rate of spontaneous clearance stratified by HBsAg-status.

<p>Spontaneous HCV clearance among people living with HBsAg is significantly higher versus people who are negative for HBsAg. (Two-sided Fisher exact p<0.001, error bars show 95% CI).</p

Host range activity of 10 <i>S</i>. Typhi phages isolated in our study.

S. Typhi phages (y-axis) were spotted on S. Typhi isolates (x-axis) belonging to different genotypes. Colored circles represent lytic activity, white circles represent no lytic activity.</p