Revisiting quantum relativistic effects from phase transition by catastrophe theory

In this paper we start from the Schr\"odinger equation to revisit some classical quantum mechanics from the perspective of phase transition process. Here the relativistic effect of particles moving at high speed can be regarded as the phase transition process when the velocity variable increases. Considering that the catastrophe models could describe qualitatively any phase transition process, we adopt the simplest folding catastrophe type as the potential function in the Schr\"odinger equation to obtain a revised Schr\"odinger relativistic equation through the dimensionless analysis first, and then further to derive out the steady-state Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac relativistic equation gradually. These results reveal that the quantum relativistic effect could be considered as the phase transition process, which could be described by adopting the catastrophe models as the potential function in the classical Schr\"odinger equation.Comment: 5 page

1,2-Bis[(2-hydr­oxy-3-methoxy­benzyl­idene)hydrazono]-1,2-diphenyl­ethane

The title compound, C30H26N4O4, was synthesized by the reaction of benzyl dihydrazone and 2-hydr­oxy-3-methoxy­benzaldehyde in ethanol. In the crystal strucutre, the mol­ecule is centrosymmetric. The structure displays two symmetry-related intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

Clinical efficacy of visual function training in the late stage of ametropic amblyopia treatment

AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of visual function training in the late stage of ametropic amblyopia treatment. METHODS: One hundred and twenty two children patients and 244 eyes with ametropic amblyopia, which were ranged from January 2016 to December 2016, were enrolled in the prospective case control study. Patient inclusion criteria: spherical power≤ ±3.00D, absolute value of astigmatism(hereinafter referred to as the degree of astigmatism)≥2.00D, binocular spherical lens difference ≤1.50D, binocular cylinder difference ≤1.00D. All patients received preliminary treatment. After routine optometry and amblyopia treatment, visual acuity in amblyopic eyes improved to more than 0.6 and visual acuity difference between two eyes should be less than 2 lines in visual chart testing. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned into a training group(62 cases 124 eyes)and a control group(60 cases 120 eyes). All patients had routine glasses with a combination of both family and clinic training. Treatments in the control group included: amblyopia training instrument(light brush, red flash and grating etc.)and fine stimulation training through computer software. In addition to similar treatments in control group, patients in training group also received following treatments including monocular adjustment function training, binocular adjustment function training, binocular integration and fusion function training. After 6mo, visual acuity, near stereopsis, adjustment amplitude, adjustment sensitivity and adjustment response tests were compared and statistically analyzed in patients of both control and training groups. RESULTS: Our data demonstrated that the overall visual acuity was significantly improved in training group(PPCONCLUSION: Binocular visual function training has a certain effect in the improvement of successful cure rate, shortening treatment course and establishing a sound stereo vision function in the late stage of children patients receiving a comprehensive therapy

Protection Effect of Zhen-Wu-Tang on Adriamycin-Induced Nephrotic Syndrome via Inhibiting Oxidative Lesions and Inflammation Damage

Zhen-wu-tang (ZWT), a well-known formula in China, is widely used to treat chronic kidney diseases. However, very little information on ZWT’s mechanism of action is currently available. In this study, we investigated the possible protective role and underlying mechanism of ZWT on nephrotic syndrome (NS) induced by Adriamycin (intravenous injection, 6.0 mg/kg) in rats using biochemical and histopathological approaches. ZWT decreased urine protein excretion and the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine significantly in diseased rats. A decrease in plasma levels of total protein and albumin was also recorded in nephropathic rats. Pathological results show an improved pathological state and recovering glomerular structure in ZWT treatment groups. ZWT decreased renal IL-8 level but increased renal IL-4 level. In addition, rats subjected to ZWT exhibited less IgG deposition in glomerulus compared with model group. RT-PCR results showed that ZWT decreased the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 and increased the mRNA expression of IκB. Furthermore, ZWT reduced the level of MDA and increased SOD activity. These results demonstrated that ZWT ameliorated Adriamycin-induced NS in rats possibly by inhibiting Adriamycin-induced inflammation damage, enhancing body’s antioxidant capacity, thereby protecting glomerulus from injury

Genetic Diversity and the Spatio-Temporal Analyses of Hantaviruses in Shandong Province, China

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a serious public health problem in Shandong Province, China. We conducted an epizootiologic investigation and phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses to infer the phylogenetic relationships of hantaviruses in space and time, and gain further insights into their evolutionary dynamics in Shandong Province. Our data indicated that the Seoul virus (SEOV) is distributed throughout Shandong, whereas Hantaan virus (HTNV) co-circulates with SEOV in the eastern and southern areas of Shandong. Their distribution showed strong geographic clustering. In addition, our analyses indicated multiple evolutionary paths, long-distance transmission, and demographic expansion events for SEOV in some areas. Selection pressure analyses revealed that negative selection on hantaviruses acted as the principal evolutionary force, whereas a little evidence of positive selection exists. We found that several positively selected sites were located within major functional regions and indicated the importance of these residues for adaptive evolution of hantaviruses

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Investigation of near-field optical tweezers based on the edge effect of extraordinary optical transmission in thin microcavity

Optical tweezers are powerful tools capable to trap and manipulate particles directly. However, using conventional optical tweezers for nanosized objects remains a formidable challenge due to the optical diffraction limits and high-power levels required for nanoscale trapping, which usually causes irreversible damage to the captured particles. In this paper, we investigate the near-field edge effect of thin microcavity due to macroscopic quantum effect, and the highly enhanced electric field can reach 2.4 times. Thus, a dual near-field optical trap potential well is generated at the edge of the thin microcavity. We theoretically show that this near-field potential well can stably capture nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm while keeping the incident optical power level below 100 mW. Besides, the relationship between size of the microcavity and optical gradient force has also been carefully studied. Finally, the theoretical model of near-field optical tweezers with double thin microcavity is established, and the electric field magnitude of the double microcavity model is enhanced by 4.5 times compared with single microcavity model, in which the coupling effect of double hole makes smaller particles be stably trapped. Our research presents a huge potential for optical trapping and separation of nanoparticles and biomolecules

Extraordinary optical transmission from a thin microcavity by macroscopic quantum effect

The macroscopic quantum effect is revealed to elaborate the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) from a subwavelength thin microcavity based on the uncertainty property of the transmitted electromagnetic fields after the aperture. A critical radius is found in the thin microcavity under a certain incident electromagnetic wavelength. With the aperture radius varying, the transmitted field can be divided into three regimes: I) the macroscopic quantum regime when the aperture radius is less than the critical radius, in which the field edge effect occurs and the EOT phenomenon is perfectly manifested; II) the wave-particle duality regime in the vicinity of the critical radius, in which the edge effect and diffraction phenomenon exist simultaneously; III) the wave regime when the aperture radius is greater than the critical radius, in which the near-field diffraction emerges. In addition, the influences of incident wavelength and microcavity thickness on EOT are also investigated. Our research has potential applications in advanced optical devices, such as light switch and optical manipulations

Quantitative analysis method for extraordinary optical transmission of thin microcavity by the catastrophic theory

Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) can be regarded as a phase transition process based on the variation of the aperture of the thin microcavity by the published results. Considering that the catastrophe theory could describe quantitatively any phase transition process, a novel method is proposed to analyze the EOT transition quantitatively based on a cusp catastrophic model with dimensionless analysis. The quantitative relationship of transmitted energy spectral density is fully obtained, which is also related to the aperture radius and incident electromagnetic frequency. Furthermore, from this method, a quantum transition factor is derived strictly to describe the EOT transition process, which can be divided into wave region, wave-particle duality region and quantum region with the factor increasing from 0 to 1, and Bethe's aperture theory stating that transmission is proportional to $\left({r}/{\lambda}\right)^{4}$ is only one of our special cases in the wave region. Finally, the influence of the aperture and the frequency of incident wave on the EOT transmittance is analysed, and the catastrophic model is verified by previous experiments. The novel method of transition analysis provides a new insight into the EOT