An introduction to the American higher education on packaging-part II

No abstract available

An introduction to the American higher education on packaging-part I

No abstract available

Projection Dynamics in Godunov-Type Schemes I: to the Physical Understanding of Post-Shock Oscillations

There are two stages in the 1st-order Godunov-type schemes to update flow variables, the gas evolution stage for the numerical fluxes across cell interface and the projection stage for the reconstruction of constant state inside each cell. Ideally, the evolution stage should be based on the exact Euler solutions, the so-called Riemann solver. In this paper, we will show that some anomalous phenomena, such as post-shock oscillations, are caused from the underlying unsteady dissipative mechanism from the projection stage. Based on physical model, we are going to analyze and evaluate quantitatively the projection dynamics and compare our theoretical analysis with numerical observations, such as the relation between oscillation amplitude and the shock speed. The conclusion is that any flow solvers based on the exact Euler solutions are not adequate to compensate the projection errors. In order to get a correct representation of flow motion in the discretized space and time, the consistent ..

Research advances on metabolic pathways of hydrogen production by dark fermentation

Hydrogen energy has become the most potential new energy source because of its high calorific value, non-polluting combustion products and wide sources of raw materials. Dark fermentation has become a research hotspot because it is not restricted by light, has strong hydrogen production capacity and can also solve some environmental pollution problems.In order to understand the dark fermentation process in depth, this paper mainly reviewed the metabolic pathways and key enzymes of dark fermentation for hydrogen production, and summarized the advances on the modification of key enzymes from hydrogen-producing strains.The prospects of their future application were given as well

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AZ31/WE43 Bimetal Composites

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the AZ31/WE43 bimetal composites was investigated, and the optimized solution treatment and ageing treatment parameters were achieved. After heat treatment, it was found that that the high melting-point Y-rich phases and Mg-RE (rare earth) phases at the interface were distributed more uniformly, so the interfacial strength and plasticity were improved. Meanwhile, the shear strength and plasticity of AZ31 were increased, and the shear strength of WE43 was also improved by heat treatment. The evolution of interface morphologies and enhancement of the mechanical properties at the interface will be discussed in detail

Gut microecological regulation on bronchiolitis and asthma in children: A review

Abstract Introduction Asthma and bronchiolitis in children are considered common clinical problems associated with gut microbiota. However, the exact relationship between gut microbiota and the above‐mentioned diseases remains unclear. Here, we discussed recent advances in understanding the potential mechanism underlying immune regulation of gut microbiota on asthma and bronchiolitis in children as well as the role of the gut–lung axis. Methods We retrieved and assessed all relevant original articles related to gut microbiota, airway inflammation‐induced wheezing in children, and gut–lung axis studies from databases that have been published so far, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Wanfang Database. Results The infant period is critical for the development of gut microbiota, which can be influenced by gestational age, delivery mode, antibiotic exposure and feeding mode. The gut microbiota in children with asthma and bronchiolitis is significantly distinct from those in healthy subjects. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is implicated in asthma and bronchiolitis in children. The presence of intestinal disturbances in lung diseases highlights the importance of the gut–lung axis. Conclusion Gut microbiota dysbiosis potentially increases the risk of asthma and bronchiolitis in children. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the gut–lung axis with regard to the gut microbiota of children with respiratory diseases could contribute to clinical practice for pulmonary diseases

Triphenylethylene- and Tetraphenylethylene-Functionalized 1,3-Bis(pyrrol-2-yl)squaraine Dyes: Synthesis, Aggregation-Caused Quenching to Aggregation-Induced Emission, and Thiol Detection

10.1021/acsomega.8b02479ACS Omega31216424-1643

Effect of Final Thermomechanical Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of T Phase Hardened Al-5.8Mg-4.5Zn-0.5Cu Alloy

The effect of final thermomechanical treatment (FTMT) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of a T-Mg32(Al Zn)49 phase precipitation hardened Al-5.8Mg-4.5Zn-0.5Cu alloy was studied. The as-cold rolled aluminum alloy samples were subjected sequentially to solid solution treatment, pre-deformation, and two-stage aging treatment. Vickers hardness was measured during the aging process under various parameters. Tensile tests were conducted on the representative samples based on the hardness results. Microstructural characteristics were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The conventional T6 process was also carried out for comparison. The hardness and tensile strength are increased evidently by the FTMT process for the Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy, while the ductility is adversely affected to a small extent. The precipitation at the T6 state consists of a coherent Guinier–Preston zone and T″ phase in the form of intragranular, fine, and spherical particles, while a semi-coherent T′ phase appears after the FTMT process as a new constituent. The distribution of dislocation tangles and isolated dislocations is another feature of FTMT samples. Enhanced precipitation hardening and dislocation strengthening account for the improved mechanical performance of FTMT samples