Determination of viability of early <i>Picea abies</i> somatic embryos in eight week old clusters (non-vital staining).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic of the cluster structure of ESEs; (1) view from the top and (2) bottom, (a) inner part of cluster and (b) outer part of cluster. (<b>B</b>) Staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). (<b>C</b>) Staining with acetocarmine; (a) embryos from the inner cluster, (b) embryos from the outer cluster.</p

Schematic representation of the structure of the ESE cluster.

<p>Schematic representation of the structure of the ESE cluster.</p

Comparison of the water volume in ESE clusters by NMR.

<p>Volume of dry substances in ESE clusters over time. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to calculate the number of ¹H nuclei (colour scale). This number corresponds with the volume of water in the ESE clusters (dry substance in clusters). * The formation of a cavity.</p

<i>Picea abies</i> embryogenic culture.

<p>Growth curve of the embryogenic culture over 42 and 56 days (<b>inset</b>). The average area of a cluster was 46 mm² and its fresh weight was 110 mg at the beginning of the experiment. The values represent an average of 10 clusters.</p