Force, stress and stiffness of in-vivo indentation test (mean ± SD).

Controls were measured in the contralateral tibia of the same animal.</p

Stress and stiffness (mean ± SD) in ex-vivo indentation test.

Stress and stiffness (mean ± SD) in ex-vivo indentation test.</p

S1 Dataset -

BackgroundBone metastases are on the rise due to longer survival of cancer patients. Local tumor control is required for pain relief. Microwave ablation (MWA) is a technique for minimally invasive local tumor treatment. Tumor tissue is destroyed by application of local hyperthermia to induce necrosis. Given the most common setting of palliative care, it is generally considered beneficial for patients to start mobilizing directly following treatment. No data on mechanical strength in long bones after MWA have been published so far.Materials and methodsIn- and ex-vivo experiments on sheep tibias were performed with MWA in various combinations of settings for time and power. During the in-vivo part sheep were sacrificed one or six weeks after ablation. Mechanical strength was examined with a three-point bending test for ablations in the diaphysis and with an indentation test for ablations in the metaphysis.ResultsMWA does not decrease mechanical strength in the diaphysis. In the metaphysis strength decreased up to 50% six weeks after ablation, which was not seen directly after ablation.ConclusionMWA appears to decrease mechanical strength in long bone metaphysis up to 50% after six weeks, however strength remains sufficient for direct mobilization. The time before normal strength is regained after the remodeling phase is not known.</div

In-vivo procedure.

A. Ablation probe (black) and temperature probe inserted in the bone through a positioning device. B. Intubated sheep before procedure. C. the MWA generator.</p

Fig 3 -

Load displacement curves of indentation test (A) and three-point bending test. Different lines represent individual samples. Figures only represent a limited number of samples.</p

Stress and stiffness (mean ± SD) in ex-vivo three-point bending test.

Stress and stiffness (mean ± SD) in ex-vivo three-point bending test.</p

Mechanical testing.

A. Three-point bending test. B. Indentation test. C. Proximal tibia after indentation test.</p

Phylogenetic relationships among STB03, BTS02, and 30 <i>Echinochloa</i> accessions based on the nucleotide sequences of <i>trn</i>T-L-F region of the chloroplast genome.

<p>See the study by Yamaguchi <i>et al.</i> (2005) for code numbers of the 30 accessions <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113657#pone.0113657-Aoki1" target="_blank">[12]</a>. The tree was constructed using NJ method. Bootstrap values with less than 50 are not shown.</p

Divergence time of the genus <i>Echinochloa</i>.

<p>Divergence time was estimated using BEAST based on the complete chloroplast genomes of six species (<i>E. oryzicola</i>, <i>E. crus-galli</i>, <i>P. virgatum</i>, <i>S. bicolor</i>, <i>Z. mays</i>, and <i>O. sativa</i>). The numbers showed at nodes indicate divergence time.</p

<i>Echinochloa</i> Chloroplast Genomes: Insights into the Evolution and Taxonomic Identification of Two Weedy Species

<div><p>The genus <i>Echinochloa</i> (Poaceae) includes numerous problematic weeds that cause the reduction of crop yield worldwide. To date, DNA sequence information is still limited in the genus <i>Echinochloa</i>. In this study, we completed the entire chloroplast genomes of two <i>Echinochloa</i> species (<i>Echinochloa oryzicola</i> and <i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i>) based on high-throughput sequencing data from their fresh green leaves. The two <i>Echinochloa</i> chloroplast genomes are 139,891 and 139,800 base pairs in length, respectively, and contain 131 protein-coding genes, 79 indels and 466 substitutions helpful for discrimination of the two species. The divergence between the genus <i>Echinochloa</i> and <i>Panicum</i> occurred about 21.6 million years ago, whereas the divergence between <i>E. oryzicola</i> and <i>E. crus-galli</i> chloroplast genes occurred about 3.3 million years ago. The two reported <i>Echinochloa</i> chloroplast genome sequences contribute to better understanding of the diversification of this genus.</p></div