Sample item 1 for illustration.

<p>Sample item 1 for illustration.</p

Generating item parameters in simulation 1.

<p>Generating item parameters in simulation 1.</p

Classification accuracy and related standard deviation for simulation 2.

<p>Classification accuracy and related standard deviation for simulation 2.</p

The extended Q-matrix for <i>J</i> = 10 in simulation 2.

<p>The extended Q-matrix for <i>J</i> = 10 in simulation 2.</p

Attributes of child temperament for illustration.

<p>Attributes of child temperament for illustration.</p

Sample item 2 for illustration.

<p>Sample item 2 for illustration.</p

The extended Q-matrix for <i>J</i> = 10 in simulation 1.

<p>The extended Q-matrix for <i>J</i> = 10 in simulation 1.</p

Effects of clonal integration on soil properties in the rhizosphere of shaded offspring ramets.

<p>Values are means ± SE (standard errors). The significant differences between connected offspring and severed offspring ramets were indicated by *** (<i>p</i><0.001), ** (<i>p</i><0.01), * (<i>p</i><0.05) and ns (not significant); n = 10. Abbreviations: TOC, total organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; DON, dissolved organic nitrogen; <i>C_mic</i>, microbial biomass carbon; <i>N_mic</i>, microbial biomass nitrogen.</p><p>Effects of clonal integration on soil properties in the rhizosphere of shaded offspring ramets.</p

Schematic diagram of the experimental design.

<p>The clonal fragment consists of mother ramet and its successional offspring ramet. The offspring ramets were subjected to the 80% shading treatment, and the mother ramets were exposed to full sun. The stolon between mother and offspring ramets remained intact or severed. The mesh was covered on the top of each pot to avoid potential effects of litters.</p

Concentrations or ratios of soil microbial groups PLFAs in the rhizosphere of shaded offspring ramets.

<p>Significant differences between connected offspring ramets (black bars) and severed offspring ones (open bars) were indicated by *** (<i>p</i><0.001), ** (<i>p</i><0.01), * (<i>p</i><0.05) and ns (not significant). Error bars represented standard errors, n = 10.</p