Is it beneficial for households without children to subsidy the cost of rearing children to increase pension benefits?

This paper analyzes the effects of child allowance on households without a child with respect to the pay-as-you-go public pension system. We demonstrate that the child allowance can improve the utilities of households without a child through an increased pension benefits when the rate of households raising the number of children is sufficiently low.

Gravitational waves from bubble dynamics: Beyond the Envelope

We study gravitational-wave production from bubble dynamics (bubble collisions and sound waves) during a cosmic first-order phase transition with an analytic approach. We first propose modeling the system with the thin-wall approximation but without the envelope approximation often adopted in the literature, in order to take bubble propagation after collisions into account. The bubble walls in our setup are considered as modeling the scalar field configuration and/or the bulk motion of the fluid. We next write down analytic expressions for the gravitational-wave spectrum, and evaluate them with numerical methods. It is found that, in the long-lasting limit of the collided bubble walls, the spectrum grows from $\propto f^3$ to $\propto f^1$ in low frequencies, showing a significant enhancement compared to the one with the envelope approximation. It is also found that the spectrum saturates in the same limit, indicating a decrease in the correlation of the energy-momentum tensor at late times. We also discuss the implications of our results to gravitational-wave production both from bubble collisions (scalar dynamics) and sound waves (fluid dynamics).Comment: 94 pages, 39 figures, JCAP published versio

Hillclimbing inflation

We propose a new class of inflationary models in which inflation takes place while the inflaton is climbing up a potential hill due to a coupling to gravity. We study their attractor behavior, and investigate its relation with known attractors. We also discuss a possible realization of this type of models with the natural inflation, and show that the inflationary predictions come well within the region consistent with the observation of the cosmic microwave background.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Probing dark radiation with inflationary gravitational waves

Recent cosmological observations indicate the existence of extra light species, i.e., dark radiation. In this paper we show that signatures of the dark radiation are imprinted in the spectrum of inflationary gravitational waves. If the dark radiation is produced by the decay of a massive particle, high frequency mode of the gravitational waves are suppressed. In addition, due to the effect of the anisotropic stress caused by the dark radiation, a dip in the gravitational wave spectrum may show up at the frequency which enters the horizon at the time of the dark radiation production. Once the gravitational wave spectrum is experimentally studied in detail, we can infer the information on how and when the dark radiation was produced in the Universe.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures; added references, minor corrections; version to appear in Phys.Rev.

Inflationary Gravitational Waves and the Evolution of the Early Universe

We study the effects of various phenomena which may have happened in the early universe on the spectrum of inflationary gravitational waves. The phenomena include phase transitions, entropy productions from non-relativistic matter, the production of dark radiation, and decoupling of dark matter/radiation from thermal bath. These events can create several characteristic signatures in the inflationary gravitational wave spectrum, which may be direct probes of the history of the early universe and the nature of high-energy physics.Comment: 48 pages, 18 figures; minor correction