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Additional file 4: Fig. S4. Determination of the effects of EZH1/EZH2 knockdown on osteoclastogenic H3NT proteolysis. a Chromatin was purified from mock-depleted, OCP-induced cells, and Western blot analysis for H3NT proteolysis was performed as described in Fig. 2. b As for (a) but using chromatin from EZH1-depleted, OCP-induced cells. c As for (a) but using chromatin from EZH2-depleted, OCP-induced cells

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Additional file 3: Fig. S3. Validation of specific knockdown of EZH1 and EZH2. OCP cells were transduced with lentiviral shRNAs targeting EZH1 (a) and EZH2 (b), and knockdown efficiency and specificity were determined by Western blot

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Additional file 5: Fig. S5. Determination of the effects of EZH1/EZH2 inhibitors on osteoclastogenic H3NT proteolysis. Chromatin was extracted from OCP-induced cells after treating with an EZH1/EZH2 inhibitor and subject to Western blotting with H3CT antibody

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Additional file 6: Fig. S6. Schematic representation of ChIPac-qPCR assay

Normative ultrasound data of the fetal transverse thalamic diameter derived from 18 to 22 weeks of gestation in routine second-trimester morphology examinations

© 2020 Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine Introduction: The thalamus is important for a wide range of sensorimotor and neuropsychiatric functions. Departure from normal reference values of the thalamus may be a biomarker for differences in neurodevelopment outcomes and brain anomalies perinatally. Antenatal measurement of thalamus is not currently included in routine fetal ultrasound as differentiation of thalamic borders is difficult. The aim of this work was to present a method to standardise the thalamus measure and provide normative data of the fetal transverse thalamic diameter between 18 and 22 weeks of gestational age. Methods: Transverse thalamic diameter was measured by two sonographers on 1,111 stored ultrasound images at the standard transcerebellar plane. A ‘guitar’ shape representative structure is presented to demarcate the thalamic diameter. The relationship of the transverse thalamic diameter with gestational age, head circumference and transcerebellar diameter using linear regression modelling was assessed, and the mean of the thalamic diameter was calculated and plotted as a reference chart. Results: Transverse thalamic diameter increased significantly with increasing gestational age, head circumference, and transcerebellar diameter linearly, and normal range thalamic charts are presented. The guitar shape provided good reproducibility of thalamic diameter measures. Conclusion: Measuring thalamus size in antenatal ultrasound examinations with reference to normative charts could be used to assess midline brain structures and predict neurodevelopment disorders and potentially brain anomalies

Normative ultrasound data of the fetal transverse thalamic diameter derived from 18 to 22 weeks of gestation in routine second‐trimester morphology examinations

© 2020 Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine Introduction: The thalamus is important for a wide range of sensorimotor and neuropsychiatric functions. Departure from normal reference values of the thalamus may be a biomarker for differences in neurodevelopment outcomes and brain anomalies perinatally. Antenatal measurement of thalamus is not currently included in routine fetal ultrasound as differentiation of thalamic borders is difficult. The aim of this work was to present a method to standardise the thalamus measure and provide normative data of the fetal transverse thalamic diameter between 18 and 22 weeks of gestational age. Methods: Transverse thalamic diameter was measured by two sonographers on 1,111 stored ultrasound images at the standard transcerebellar plane. A ‘guitar’ shape representative structure is presented to demarcate the thalamic diameter. The relationship of the transverse thalamic diameter with gestational age, head circumference and transcerebellar diameter using linear regression modelling was assessed, and the mean of the thalamic diameter was calculated and plotted as a reference chart. Results: Transverse thalamic diameter increased significantly with increasing gestational age, head circumference, and transcerebellar diameter linearly, and normal range thalamic charts are presented. The guitar shape provided good reproducibility of thalamic diameter measures. Conclusion: Measuring thalamus size in antenatal ultrasound examinations with reference to normative charts could be used to assess midline brain structures and predict neurodevelopment disorders and potentially brain anomalies

Metagenomic Insights into the Bioaerosols in the Indoor and Outdoor Environments of Childcare Facilities

<div><p>Airborne microorganisms have significant effects on human health, and children are more vulnerable to pathogens and allergens than adults. However, little is known about the microbial communities in the air of childcare facilities. Here, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal communities in 50 air samples collected from five daycare centers and five elementary schools located in Seoul, Korea using culture-independent high-throughput pyrosequencing. The microbial communities contained a wide variety of taxa not previously identified in child daycare centers and schools. Moreover, the dominant species differed from those reported in previous studies using culture-dependent methods. The well-known fungi detected in previous culture-based studies (<i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Penicillium</i>, and <i>Cladosporium</i>) represented less than 12% of the total sequence reads. The composition of the fungal and bacterial communities in the indoor air differed greatly with regard to the source of the microorganisms. The bacterial community in the indoor air appeared to contain diverse bacteria associated with both humans and the outside environment. In contrast, the fungal community was largely derived from the surrounding outdoor environment and not from human activity. The profile of the microorganisms in bioaerosols identified in this study provides the fundamental knowledge needed to develop public health policies regarding the monitoring and management of indoor air quality.</p></div

Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the (A) bacterial and (B) fungal communities in childcare facilities.

<p>Fifty samples were collected from the indoor (blue symbols) and outdoor (red symbols) air of five daycare centers (sites A–E, circles) and five elementary schools (sites F–J, triangles). Differences in the composition of the microbial communities were quantified using the weighted UniFrac distance metric. The green dotted lines and circles indicate pairs of indoor and outdoor samples from the same sampling site. The distinctive bacterial community structures in the indoor and outdoor air were supported by the p-values determined by Wilcoxon <i>t</i>-test.</p

Relative abundance of bacteria identified at the genus level in indoor and outdoor air.

<p>The sampling sites and replicates are indicated as letters and numbers, respectively, shown in columns. The taxonomic groups that had an average abundance >1.2% are shown.</p

Relative abundance of four allergenic fungi in indoor and outdoor air samples.

<p>The solid black lines represent the medians, and the circles are outliers. Bars denote the minimum and maximum values excluding the outliers.</p