Climate-Smart Tillage Practices with Straw Return to Sustain Crop Productivity

Climate change seriously threatens global crop production. However, there are few reports on field crop yield and yield components based on long-term different climate conditions. The objectives of this study were to identify and compare the differences in crop yield and yield components in long-term tillage and straw returning under different climate regions. Conventional tillage (CT) and rotary tillage (RT) in combination with no straw return and whole straw return (S) were conducted under a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in cool-wet and warm-dry regions from 2010 to 2019. We hypothesized that long-term suitable tillage under warm-dry or cool-wet regions can increase the yield and components of wheat and maize, and temperature and precipitation had significant effects on crop yield and yield components. Conventional tillage with straw return (CTS) in the warm-dry region and rotary tillage with straw return (RTS) in the cool-wet region can increase the yield and yield components of wheat and maize, respectively, compared with CT. The yield stability of wheat was higher than that of maize under the two climate conditions. Compared with tillage practices, the effects of experimental sites and straw return on crop yield and yield components were more remarkable. The combination of mean temperature, annual precipitation, and yield components explained 75% and 100% of the variance in the wheat yield and maize yield, respectively. The thousand-kernel weight was the key factor in regulating wheat yield, and kernel number was the key factor in regulating maize yield. In conclusion, the combination of rotary tillage in cool-wet regions or conventional tillage in warm-dry regions with straw return is a good technique for increasing crop security

Inorganic nitrogen deposition in arid land ecosystems of Central Asia

Atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) pollution leads to enhanced Nr deposition. There still big gaps in understanding atmospheric nitrogen deposition because of limited monitoring sites in arid land ecosystems of Central Asia. To determine Nr concentrations and deposition in the study area, we have set up 20 monitoring sites to collect gaseous, particulate, and precipitation samples and measure their Nr components since 2009. Nr concentrations in air showed large spatial variations. Based on the Nr concentrations, dry deposition was calculated using the monthly average Nr concentrations by the corresponding deposition velocities modeled, which was varied between 3.15 and 27.92 kg N ha-1 yr-1 across desert, grassland, desert-grassland, forest, farmland, and city/suburb ecosystems. Ammonia N deposition varied between 0.50 asnd 8.66 kg N ha-1 yr-1, and nitrate N deposition c varied between 0.67 and 4.22 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively, in precipitation. Annual N deposition is following the order of desert (4.0) < grassland (6.0) < desert-grassland (7.6) < forest (16.1) < farmland (18.4) < city/suburb (35.4) ecosystems. Dry deposition contributed 52.7, 53.8, 100, 68.2, 73.7, and 78.9% of total N deposition in grassland, desert-grassland, desert, forest, farmland and city/suburb ecosystems, respectively. Reduced nitrogen deposition accounted for 62% of total N deposition in the arid area. Dry NH3 deposition made an important contribution (on average 40%) to total N deposition. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of Nr pollution especially NH3 emission is indispensable to atmospheric pollution control in arid region

CeO2 nanorods anchored on mesoporous carbon as an efficient catalyst for imine synthesis

CeO2 nanorods anchored on mesoporous carbon exhibit high activity and stability in aerobic oxidative coupling of alcohols and amines to imines. The abundant surface Ce3+ and the suitable interaction between CeO2 nanorods and the carbon support should be responsible for the excellent catalytic behaviors

Flurbiprofen Axetil Enhances Analgesic Effects of Sufentanil and Attenuates Postoperative Emergence Agitation and Systemic Proinflammation in Patients Undergoing Tangential Excision Surgery

Objective. Our present study tested whether flurbiprofen axetil could reduce perioperative sufentanil consumption and provide postoperative analgesia with decrease in emergency agitation and systemic proinflammatory cytokines release. Methods. Ninety patients undergoing tangential excision surgery were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) preoperative dose of 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 10 mL placebo by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump, (2) preoperative dose of 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil by PCA pump, and (3) 10 mL placebo and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 10 mL placebo by PCA pump. Results. Preoperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil decreased postoperative tramadol consumption and the visual analog scale at 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery, which were further decreased by postoperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil. Furthermore, flurbiprofen axetil attenuated emergency agitation score and Ramsay score at 0, 5, and 10 min after extubation and reduced the TNF-α and interleukin- (IL-) 6 levels at 24 and 48 h after the operation. Conclusion. Flurbiprofen axetil enhances analgesic effects of sufentanil and attenuates emergence agitation and systemic proinflammation in patients undergoing tangential excision surgery

Additional file 5 of ROS accumulation-induced tapetal PCD timing changes leads to microspore abortion in cotton CMS lines

Additional file 5: Table 3. Primer sequence

Additional file 2 of ROS accumulation-induced tapetal PCD timing changes leads to microspore abortion in cotton CMS lines

Additional file 2: Figure 2. Determination of $${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{-\bullet }$$ O 2 - ∙ , H2O2 and MDA content in Jin A (left), Yamian A(right) and their maintainers Jin B, Yamian B. (a) Content of $${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{-\bullet }$$ O 2 - ∙ in Jin A (left) and Yamian A (right). (b) Content of H2O2 in Jin A (left) and Yamian A (right). (c) Content of MDA in Jin A (left) and Yamian A (right). Values are means ± SD of three replicates. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences between sterile line and its maintainer (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01, Student’s t tests)

Additional file 1 of ROS accumulation-induced tapetal PCD timing changes leads to microspore abortion in cotton CMS lines

Additional file 1: Figure 1. Stamen stained with Trypan blue. Scale bar in Stage 1 and 2 =200μm, Stage 4, 5 and 6 =500μm. Jin A and Yamian A anther cells death mainly occurred at Stage 4 to 6, but in fertile lines, cell debris were present on the pollen surface at Stage 6

Additional file 3 of ROS accumulation-induced tapetal PCD timing changes leads to microspore abortion in cotton CMS lines

Additional file 3: Table 1. The relative expression of antioxidase genes by qRT-PCR. Values are means ± SD of three replicates. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences between sterile line and its maintainer (*P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01, Student’s t tests). GPX, Glutathione peroxidase; APX, Ascorbate peroxidase

Synthesis of Hierarchical Titanium Silicalite-1 Using a Carbon-Silica-Titania Composite from Xerogel Mild Carbonization

Hierarchical titanium silicalite-1 (HTS-1) zeolites are an important class of catalytic materials due to their enhanced mass transfer and improved catalytic performance. In this study, HTS-1 zeolites have been successfully prepared by the hydrothermal crystallization of carbon-silica-titania (CST) composites. Compared with the direct carbonization method, the mild carbonization of SiO2-TiO2/Tween 40 xerogel in the presence of sulfuric acid can effectively improve both the content and mesoporous structure of carbon material in the CST composites, which enables carbon materials to better play the role of a mesoporous template during the crystallization process. The resultant zeolite has both ordered micropores and interconnected mesopores and macropores, which are similar to the skeleton of the carbon template trapped in the TS&ndash;1 crystals. Moreover, the HTS&ndash;1 zeolite displays outstanding catalytic performance in oxidative desulfurization of bulky sulfur compounds

Additional file 4 of ROS accumulation-induced tapetal PCD timing changes leads to microspore abortion in cotton CMS lines

Additional file 4: Table 2. The relative expression of RBOHE by qRT-PCR. Values are means ± SD of three replicates. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences between sterile line and its maintainer(* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01, Student’s t tests)