41 research outputs found
Visualizing Strain-induced Pseudo magnetic Fields in Graphene through an hBN Magnifying Glass
The remarkable properties of graphene are inherent to its 2D honeycomb
lattice structure. Its low dimensionality, which makes it possible to rearrange
the atoms by applying an external force, offers the intriguing prospect of
mechanically controlling the electronic properties. In the presence of strain,
graphene develops a pseudo-magnetic field (PMF) which reconstructs the band
structure into pseudo Landau levels (PLLs). However, a feasible route to
realizing, characterizing and controlling PMFs is still lacking. Here we report
on a method to generate and characterize PMFs in a graphene membrane supported
on nano-pillars. A direct measure of the local strain is achieved by using the
magnifying effect of the Moir\'e pattern formed against a hexagonal Boron
Nitride (hBN) substrate under scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We quantify
the strain induced PMF through the PLLs spectra observed in scanning tunneling
spectroscopy (STS). This work provides a pathway to strain induced engineering
and electro-mechanical graphene based devices.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figure
Impact of Zr substitution on the electronic structure of ferroelectric hafnia
-based dielectrics are promising for nanoscale ferroelectric
applications, and the most favorable material within the family is
Zr-substituted hafnia, i.e., (HZO). The extent of Zr
substitution can be great, and x is commonly set to 0.5. However, the band gap
of is lower than , thus it is uncertain how
the Zr content should influence the electronic band structure of HZO. A reduced
band gap is detrimental to the cycling endurance as charge injection and
dielectric breakdown would become easier. Another issue is regarding the
comparison on the band gaps between /
superlattices and HZO solid-state solutions. In this work we systematically
investigated the electronic structures of ,
and HZO using self-energy corrected density functional theory. In particular,
the conduction band minimum of - is found to lie at an
ordinary k-point on the Brillouin zone border, not related to any interlines
between high-symmetry k-points. Moreover, the rule of HZO band gap variation
with respect to x has been extracted. The physical mechanisms for the
exponential reduction regime and linear decay regime have been revealed. The
band gaps of / ferroelectric superlattices are
investigated in a systematic manner, and the reason why the superlattice could
possess a band gap lower than that of is revealed through
comprehensive analysis.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figure
Ampere-hour-scale soft-package potassium-ion hybrid capacitors enabling 6-minute fast-charging
Extreme fast charging of Ampere-hour (Ah)-scale electrochemical energy storage devices targeting charging times of less than 10 minutes are desired to increase widespread adoption. However, this metric is difficult to achieve in conventional Li-ion batteries due to their inherent reaction mechanism and safety hazards at high current densities. In this work, we report 1 Ah soft-package potassium-ion hybrid supercapacitors (PIHCs), which combine the merits of high-energy density of battery-type negative electrodes and high-power density of capacitor-type positive electrodes. The PIHC consists of a defect-rich, high specific surface area N-doped carbon nanotube-based positive electrode, MnO quantum dots inlaid spacing-expanded carbon nanotube-based negative electrode, carbonate-based non-aqueous electrolyte, and a binder- and current collector-free cell design. Through the optimization of the cell configuration, electrodes, and electrolyte, the full cells (1 Ah) exhibit a cell voltage up to 4.8 V, high full-cell level specific energy of 140 Wh kg-1 (based on the whole mass of device) with a full charge of 6 minutes. An 88% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 10 C (10 A) and a voltage retention of 99% at 25 ± 1 °C are also demonstrated
Evidence of Flat Bands and Correlated States in Buckled Graphene Superlattices
Two-dimensional atomic crystals can radically change their properties in
response to external influences such as substrate orientation or strain,
resulting in essentially new materials in terms of the electronic structure. A
striking example is the creation of flat-bands in bilayer-graphene for certain
'magic' twist-angles between the orientations of the two layers. The quenched
kinetic-energy in these flat-bands promotes electron-electron interactions and
facilitates the emergence of strongly-correlated phases such as
superconductivity and correlated-insulators. However, the exquisite fine-tuning
required for finding the magic-angle where flat-bands appear in twisted-bilayer
graphene, poses challenges to fabrication and scalability. Here we present an
alternative route to creating flat-bands that does not involve fine tuning.
Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, together with numerical
simulations, we demonstrate that graphene monolayers placed on an
atomically-flat substrate can be forced to undergo a buckling-transition,
resulting in a periodically modulated pseudo-magnetic field, which in turn
creates a post-graphene material with flat electronic bands. Bringing the
Fermi-level into these flat-bands by electrostatic doping, we observe a
pseudogap-like depletion in the density-of-states, which signals the emergence
of a correlated-state. The described approach of 2D crystal buckling offers a
strategy for creating other superlattice systems and, in particular, for
exploring interaction phenomena characteristic of flat-bands.Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:1904.1014
Tuning a Circular p-n Junction in Graphene from Quantum Confinement to Optical Guiding
The motion of massless Dirac-electrons in graphene mimics the propagation of
photons. This makes it possible to control the charge-carriers with components
based on geometrical-optics and has led to proposals for an all-graphene
electron-optics platform. An open question arising from the possibility of
reducing the component-size to the nanometer-scale is how to access and
understand the transition from optical-transport to quantum-confinement. Here
we report on the realization of a circular p-n junction that can be
continuously tuned from the nanometer-scale, where quantum effects are
dominant, to the micrometer scale where optical-guiding takes over. We find
that in the nanometer-scale junction electrons are trapped in states that
resemble atomic-collapse at a supercritical charge. As the junction-size
increases, the transition to optical-guiding is signaled by the emergence of
whispering-gallery modes and Fabry-Perot interference. The creation of tunable
junctions that straddle the crossover between quantum-confinement and
optical-guiding, paves the way to novel design-architectures for controlling
electronic transport.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure
Silicon Layer Intercalation of Centimeter-Scale, Epitaxially-Grown Monolayer Graphene on Ru(0001)
We develop a strategy for graphene growth on Ru(0001) followed by
silicon-layer intercalation that not only weakens the interaction of graphene
with the metal substrate but also retains its superlative properties. This
G/Si/Ru architecture, produced by silicon-layer intercalation approach (SIA),
was characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and angle
resolved electron photoemission spectroscopy. These experiments show high
structural and electronic qualities of this new composite. The SIA allows for
an atomic control of the distance between the graphene and the metal substrate
that can be used as a top gate. Our results show potential for the next
generation of graphene-based materials with tailored properties.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Appl. Phys. Let