Conceptual figures of the storage capacities and the error rates.

<p><b>a</b> for an ER random network and <b>c</b> for a SF network. <b>b</b> and <b>d</b> Plot of the error rate <i>n</i>_<i>e</i> ≡ (1 − <i>m</i>)/2 vs storage rate <i>a</i> for several <i>γ</i> values of the Chung-Lu model at <i>T</i> = 0. Here, numerical values are obtained using <i>N</i> = 1000 and <i>K</i> = 5.0. The dotted lines for <i>γ</i> ≫ 2.0 indicate the sudden jumps from small error rates to the state of <i>n</i>_<i>e</i> = 0.5. (<b>a</b> and <b>c</b>, Figure courtesy of Joonwon Lee.)</p

Phase diagram of the Hopfield model in the plane of (<i>T</i>, <i>a</i>).

<p>Here <i>T</i> and <i>a</i> denote temperature and storage rate, respectively. Degree exponent <i>γ</i> is infinity in <b>a</b>, 5.0 in <b>b</b>, 4.0 in <b>c</b>, 3.0 in <b>d</b>, 2.04 in <b>e</b>, and 2.01 in <b>f</b>. <b>P</b> represents the paramagnetic phase, in which <i>m</i> = 0, <i>q</i> = 0, and <i>r</i> = 0 because of thermal fluctuations. Here, <i>m</i>, <i>q</i>, and <i>r</i> are given by Eqs (29-31) of the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0184683#pone.0184683.s001" target="_blank">S1 File</a>, respectively. <b>SG</b> does the spin-glass phase, in which <i>m</i> = 0, <i>q</i> > 0, and <i>r</i> > 0. In the P and SG phases, the retrieval of stored patterns is impossible. Thus, they are often referred to as the confusion phase. The retrieval phase is denoted as <b>R</b>, in which <i>m</i> > 0, <i>q</i> > 0, and <i>r</i> > 0. The retrieval of stored memory is possible. Finally, <b>M</b> does the mixed phase, in which the features of both the retrieval and the spin-glass phases coexist. As the degree exponent <i>γ</i> is decreased from infinity in <b>a</b> through <i>γ</i> = 2.01 in <b>f</b>, the retrieval phase not only intrudes into the region of the SG phase, but also raises the boundary of the phase <b>P</b> to a higher temperature region. Eventually the SG phase remains on the <i>T</i> = 0 axis when <i>γ</i> = <i>γ</i>_<i>c</i> ≃ 2.04, in which the phase <b>R</b> spans most of the low-temperature region. Thus, memory retrieval is enhanced. The phase boundary was obtained by performing numerical calculations for the Chung-Lu SF networks with the system size <i>N</i> = 1000 and mean degree <i>K</i> = 5.0. Solid and dotted lines or curves indicate the second-order and first-order transitions, respectively. We note that the case <b>a</b> on ER network is nearly the same as that in mean field limit obtained in the original Hopfield model.</p

DataSheet1_Population pharmacokinetics of everolimus in patients with seizures associated with focal cortical dysplasia.PDF

Background: Everolimus is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. As mutations in TSC1 and TSC2, which cause partial-onset seizures associated with TSC, were found in focal cortical dysplasia type Ⅱ (FCD Ⅱ) patients, a clinical trial has been performed to explore the efficacy and safety of everolimus in FCD patients. However, no dosage regimen was determined to treat FCD II. To recommend an optimal dose regimen for FCD patients, a population pharmacokinetic model of everolimus in FCD patients was developed.Methods: The data of everolimus were collected from September 2017 to May 2020 in a tertiary-level hospital in Korea. The model was developed using NONMEM® software version 7.4.1 (Icon Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD, United States).Results: The population pharmacokinetics of everolimus was described as the one-compartment model with first-order absorption, with the effect of BSA on clearance. The final model was built as follows: TVCL = 12.5 + 9.71 × (BSA/1.5), TVV = 293, and TVKA = 0.585. As a result of simulation, a dose higher than 7 mg/m2 is needed in patients with BSA 0.5 m2, and a dose higher than 6 mg/m2 is needed in patients with BSA 0.7 m2. A dose of 4.5 mg/m2 is enough in the population with BSA higher than 1.5 m2 to meet the target trough range of 5–15 ng/mL.Conclusion: Based on the developed pharmacokinetics model, the optimal dose of everolimus in practice was recommended by considering the available strengths of Afinitor disperz®, 2 mg, 3 mg, and 5 mg.</p

Additional file 1: of The “Universal” in UHC and Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme: policy and implementation challenges and dilemmas of a lower middle income country

Data collection tools-The Universal in UHC. Primary data collection tools. Informed consent form. Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant interview guides. (DOCX 136 kb