Gold Nanostar@Polyaniline Theranostic Agent with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Anticancer Phototherapy at a Low Dosage

10.1021/acsami.2c05679ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces142528570-2858

Aerobic and Efficient Direct Arylation of Five-Membered Heteroarenes and Their Benzocondensed Derivatives with Aryl Bromides by Bulky α‑Hydroxyimine Palladium Complexes

In the present work, a series of α-hydroxyimine palladium complexes with bulky substituents (i.e., {[Ar-NC­(R)–C­(R)₂–OH]­PdCl₂} (<b>C1</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2-diphenylmethyl-4,6-dimethylphenyl; <b>C2</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2,6-bis­(diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl; <b>C3</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2,6-bis­(diphenylmethyl)-4-methyoxylphenyl; <b>C4</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2,6-bis­(diphenylmethyl)-4-chlorophenyl; <b>C5</b>, R = Ph, Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl; <b>C6</b>, R = Ph, Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl)) were synthesized and characterized. The structures of palladium complexes <b>C1</b> and <b>C2</b> were determined by X-ray diffraction. These bidentate N,O-palladium complexes were applied for direct arylation under aerobic conditions. The effects of the reaction conditions and ligand substitution on the catalytic activity were evaluated. Upon a low palladium loading of 0.5 mol %, the bulky palladium complex <b>C6</b> was successfully used to catalyze the cross-coupling of a variety of five-membered heteroarenes and their benzo-condensed derivatives with (hetero)­aryl bromides. The mechanistic investigation on the direct arylation supported the involvement of a Pd(0)/Pd­(II) CMD process

Migration patterns of hepatitis C virus in China characterized for five major subtypes based on samples from 411 volunteer blood donors from 17 provinces and municipalities

We investigated the migration patterns of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in China. Partial E1 and/or NS5B sequences from 411 volunteer blood donors sampled in 17 provinces and municipalities located in five large regions, the north-northeast, northwest, southwest, central south, and southeast, were characterized. The sequences were classified into eight subtypes (1a, n = 3; 1b, n = 183; 2a, n = 83; 3a, n = 30; 3b, n = 44; 6a, n = 55; 6n, n = 10; 6v, n = 1) and a new subtype candidate. Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees of the E1 sequences of the five major subtypes revealed distinct migration patterns. Subtype 1b showed four groups: one is prevalent nationwide with possible origins in the north-northeast; two are locally epidemic in the central south and northwest, respectively, and have spread sporadically to other regions; and the fourth one is likely linked to the long-distance dispersion among intravenous drug users from the northwest. Subtype 2a showed two groups: the larger one was mainly restricted to the northwest and seemed to show a trend toward migration via the Silk Road; the smaller one was geographically mixed and may represent descendants of those that spread widely during the contaminated plasma campaign in the 1990s. Subtype 3a exhibited three well-separated geographic groups that may be epidemically unrelated: one showed origins in the northwest, one showed origins in the southwest, and the other showed origins in the central south. In contrast, subtype 3b had a mixture of geographic origins, suggesting migrations from the southwest to the northwest and sporadically to other regions. Structurally resembling the tree for subtype 3a, the tree for subtype 6a showed four groups that may indicate migrations from the central south to southeast, southwest, and northwest. Strikingly, no subtype 6a strain was identified in the north-northeast. © 2014, American Society for Microbiology.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Aerobic and Efficient Direct Arylation of Five-Membered Heteroarenes and Their Benzocondensed Derivatives with Aryl Bromides by Bulky α‑Hydroxyimine Palladium Complexes

In the present work, a series of α-hydroxyimine palladium complexes with bulky substituents (i.e., {[Ar-NC­(R)–C­(R)₂–OH]­PdCl₂} (<b>C1</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2-diphenylmethyl-4,6-dimethylphenyl; <b>C2</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2,6-bis­(diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl; <b>C3</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2,6-bis­(diphenylmethyl)-4-methyoxylphenyl; <b>C4</b>, R = Me, Ar = 2,6-bis­(diphenylmethyl)-4-chlorophenyl; <b>C5</b>, R = Ph, Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl; <b>C6</b>, R = Ph, Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl)) were synthesized and characterized. The structures of palladium complexes <b>C1</b> and <b>C2</b> were determined by X-ray diffraction. These bidentate N,O-palladium complexes were applied for direct arylation under aerobic conditions. The effects of the reaction conditions and ligand substitution on the catalytic activity were evaluated. Upon a low palladium loading of 0.5 mol %, the bulky palladium complex <b>C6</b> was successfully used to catalyze the cross-coupling of a variety of five-membered heteroarenes and their benzo-condensed derivatives with (hetero)­aryl bromides. The mechanistic investigation on the direct arylation supported the involvement of a Pd(0)/Pd­(II) CMD process