Measurement and Correlation of Solubility of Calcium‑l‑lactate Pentahydrate in Ethanol + Water and Acetone + Water Systems

The solubility of calcium-l-lactate pentahydrate (CLLP) in binary ethanol + water and acetone + water solvent mixtures was measured in the temperature range of 278.15 K to 313.15 K by using a synthetic method. The solubility of CLLP increases with increasing temperature, whereas it decreases with the increase of the initial mole fraction of ethanol or acetone. The solubility data were correlated by using the modified Apelblat equation, the CNIBS/R-K equation, and the hybrid model, respectively. It was found that the modified Apelblat equation could give better correlation results both in ethanol aqueous solutions and in acetone aqueous solutions. The dissolution enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy change of dissolution of CLLP in these solvent mixtures were obtained by using the modified van’t Hoff equation

Influencing factors of PA decrease in patients with TB.

<p>Serum PA levels≤170 mg/L were defined as PA decreased;</p><p>Patients were divided into two types:lung TB(pulmonary tuberculosis patients without pleuritis) and with pleuritis(incluing both pulmonary tuberculosis patients with pleuritis and simple pleuritis patients).</p>**<p><i>P<</i>0.01.a: age≥60 compared to other subgroups; b: smoking status≥20 compared to other subgroups.</p

Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population.

<p>AST≥40 IU/L or ALT≥40 IU/L were defined as Transaminase elevation;Serum PA levels≤170 mg/L were defined as PA decreased.</p>*<p><i>P<</i>0.05, compared to both TB and healthy individuals groups.</p>***<p><i>P<</i>0.001, compared to both lung cancer patients and health individuals groups.</p>**<p><i>P<</i>0.01, compared to both lung cancer patients and health individuals groups.</p

The change of serum PA levels in different group of patients.

<p>Serum PA levels slowly elevated after the TB patients accepted anti-TB drugs. Nine months after use of anti-TB drugs, the average of serum PA levels (194.1±29.2 mg/L) among these TB patients significantly rised to normal range. However, the serum PA levels of drug-resistant TB patients remained at a low level state. The serum PA levels in lung cancer patients were slowly reduced after chemotherapy.</p

The serum PA levels in different subgroups of TB patients.

<p>There were significant differences in the serum PA levels between following subgroups: pleuritis and lung tuberculosis, TB patients with higher ESR (≥20 mm/h) and normal ESR (<i><</i>20 mm/h), TB patients with higher smoking status (≥20 year×pack) (<i>P<</i>0.01).</p

Isolation Strategies and Transformation Behaviors of Spironolactone Forms

Spironolactone (SPI) is one kind of potassium-sparing diuretic, and two polymorphs (form I and form II) along with five solvates (methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and benzene) of SPI have been reported in the literature. However, no detailed information about the stability, solubility, and transformation behaviors of SPI forms has been reported. In this paper, two new forms of SPI, 1-propanol solvate and 2-propanol solvate, were found and characterized. The thermodynamic stability and solubility of form II and four alcohol solvates of SPI were investigated and determined. It was found that methanol solvate and ethanol solvate of SPI are relatively stable while 1-propanol solvate and 2-propanol solvate of SPI are metastable in corresponding solvents, and 1-propanol solvate and 2-propanol solvate of SPI would transform to form II in corresponding solvents. Furthermore, the transformation processes of 1-propanol solvate and 2-propanol solvate were in situ monitored by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy and some offline tools such as microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The reasons behind the transformation were explained by the enthalpy data of different solvates