Comparison of the protective effects of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on improving cognitive deficits in SAMP8 mice based on anti-neuroinflammation mechanism

This present study was designed to investigate the different effects of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on improving cognitive deficits in 4-month-old SAMP8 mice. Mice were divided into six groups, including the SAMP8 group, the SAMP8 + Donepezil (1.6 mg/kg) group, the SAMP8 + Rb1 (30 and 60 µmol/kg), and SAMP8 + Rg1 (30 and 60 µmol/kg) groups. SAMR1 mice of the same age were used as the control group. Ginsenosides and donepezil were administrated orally to animals for 8 weeks, then the learning and memory ability of mice were measured by using Morris water maze (MWM) test, object recognition test and passive avoidance experiments. The possible mechanisms were studied including the anti-glial inflammation of Rb1 and Rg1 using HE staining, immunohistochemistry and western blot experiments. Results revealed that Rb1 and Rg1 treatment significantly improved the discrimination index of SAMP8 mice in the object recognition test. Rb1 (60 µmol/kg) and Rg1 (30, 60 µmol/kg) could significantly shorten the escape latency in the acquisition test of the MWM test in SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, Rb1 and Rg1 treatments effectively reduced the number of errors in the passive avoidance task in SAMP8 mice. Western blot experiments revealed that Rb1 showed higher effect than Rg1 in decreasing protein expression levels of ASC, caspase-1 and Aβ in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice, while Rg1 was more effective than Rb1 in decreasing the protein levels of iNOS. In addition, although Rb1 and Rg1 treatments showed significant protective effects in repairing neuronal cells loss and inhibiting the activation of astrocyte and microglia in hippocampus of SAMP8 mice, Rb1 was more effective than Rg1. These results suggest that Rb1 and Rg1 could improve the cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice, and they have different mechanisms for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0131800), Science & Technology department of Sichuan province (2019YFH0023), Office of Sciences & Technology and Talent work of Luzhou (2018LZXNYD-ZK32), the High - end Talents Recruitment Program (Liu Xinmin group) of Luzhou Municipal People's Government

Impact of V-ets Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene Homolog 1 Gene Polymorphisms Upon Susceptibility to Autoimmune Diseases

V-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1) is recognized as a gene of risk to autoimmune diseases (ADs). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ETS1 (rs1128334 G\u3eA and rs10893872 T\u3eC) were considered associated with ADs risk. However, the results remain conflicting. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate more precise estimations of any relationship. We searched PubMed, OvidSP, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases (papers published prior to September 12, 2014) and extracted data from eligible studies. Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. Random effect model or fixed effect model were chosen according to the study heterogeneities. A total of 11 studies including 7359 cases (9660 controls) for rs1128334 and 8 studies including 5419 cases (7122 controls) for rs10893872 were involved in this meta-analysis. Overall, our results showed that there were significant associations for rs1128334 with AD risk in 5 genetic models, both in pooled analysis and in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) subgroup, and in 3 genetic models of the uveitis subgroup. Although for rs10893872, the results showed that there were significant associations in allele model both in pooled analysis and in SLE subgroup. As a conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated that these 2 SNPs (rs1128334 and rs10893872) in ETS1were associated with ADs risk

Protective effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 against cognitive impairment induced by simulated microgravity in rats

Microgravity experienced during space flight is known to exert several negative effects on the learning ability and memory of astronauts. Few effective strategies are currently available to counteract these effects. Rg1 and Rb1, the major steroidal components of ginseng, have shown potent neuroprotective effects with a high safety profile. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Rg1 and Rb1 on simulated microgravity-induced learning and memory dysfunction and its underlying mechanism in the hindlimb suspension (HLS) rat model. Administration of Rg1 (30 and 60 μmol/kg) and Rb1 (30 and 60 μmol/kg) for 2 weeks resulted in a significant amelioration of impaired spatial and associative learning and memory caused by 4-week HLS exposure, measured using the Morris water maze and Reward operating conditioning reflex (ROCR) tests, respectively. Furthermore, Rg1 and Rb1 administration alleviated reactive oxygen species production and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Rg1 and Rb1 also assisted in the recovery of mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) activities, increased the expression of Mfn2 and decreased the fission marker dynamin-related protein (Drp)-1expression. Additionally, Rg1 and Rb1 treatment increased the SYN, and PSD95 protein expressions and decreased the ratio of Bax:Bcl-2 and reduced the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome C. Besides these, the BDNF-TrkB/PI3K-Akt pathway was also activated by Rg1 and Rb1 treatment. Altogether, Rg1 and Rb1 treatment attenuated cognitive deficits induced by HLS, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuated oxidative stress, inhibited apoptosis, increased synaptic plasticity, and restored BDNF-TrkB/PI3K-Akt signaling

Precision measurement of the branching fractions of J/psi -> pi+pi-pi0 and psi' -> pi+pi-pi0

We study the decays of the J/psi and psi' mesons to pi+pi-pi0 using data samples at both resonances collected with the BES III detector in 2009. We measure the corresponding branching fractions with unprecedented precision and provide mass spectra and Dalitz plots. The branching fraction for J/psi -> pi+pi-pi0 is determined to be (2.137 +- 0.004 (stat.) +0.058-0.056 (syst.) +0.027-0.026 (norm.))*10-2, and the branching fraction for psi' -> pi+pi-pi0 is measured as (2.14 +- 0.03 (stat.) +0.08-0.07 (syst.) +0.09-0.08 (norm.))*10-4. The J/psi decay is found to be dominated by an intermediate rho(770) state, whereas the psi' decay is dominated by di-pion masses around 2.2 GeV/c2, leading to strikingly different Dalitz distributions.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure

Higher-order multipole amplitude measurement in ψ(2S)→γχc2\psi(2S)\to\gamma\chi_{c2}

Using $106\times10^6$ $\psi(2S)$ events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring, the higher-order multipole amplitudes in the radiative transition $\psi(2S)\to\gamma\chi_{c2}\to\gamma\pi\pi/\gamma KK$ are measured. A fit to the $\chi_{c2}$ production and decay angular distributions yields $M2=0.046\pm0.010\pm0.013$ and $E3=0.015\pm0.008\pm0.018$, where the first errors are statistical and the second systematic. Here $M2$ denotes the normalized magnetic quadrupole amplitude and $E3$ the normalized electric octupole amplitude. This measurement shows evidence for the existence of the $M2$ signal with $4.4\sigma$ statistical significance and is consistent with the charm quark having no anomalous magnetic moment.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

First observation of η(1405)\eta(1405) decays into f0(980)π0f_{0}(980)\pi^0

The decays $J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma \pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$ and $J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma \pi^0\pi^0\pi^0$ are analyzed using a sample of 225 million \jpsi events collected with the BESIII detector. The decay of \eta(1405)\ar f_{0}(980)\pi^0 with a large isospin violation is observed for the first time. The width of the $f_{0}(980)$ observed in the dipion mass spectra is anomalously narrower than the world average. Decay rates for three-pion decays of the $\eta'$ are also measured precisely.Comment: Revtex, 6 pages, 4 eps figures, version accepted by Phys. Rev. Letter

Search for ηc′\eta_{c}^{\prime} decays into vector meson pairs

The processes \etacpto \rho^{0}\rho^{0}, $K^{*0}\bar{K}^{*0}$, and $\phi\phi$ are searched for using a sample of $1.06 \times 10^8$ \psip events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. No signals are observed in any of the three final states. The upper limits on the decay branching fractions are determined to be \mathcal{B}(\etacpto\rho^{0}\rho^{0})<3.1\times10^{-3}, \mathcal{B}(\etacpto K^{*0}\bar{K}^{*0})<5.4 \times10^{-3}, and \mathcal{B}(\etacpto\phi\phi)<2.0\times10^{-3} at the 90% confidence level. The upper limits are lower than the existing theoretical predictions.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures, 2 table

Study of resonant structure around 1.8 GeV/c2c^2 and η(1405)\eta(1405) in J/ψ→ωηπ+π−J/\psi\rightarrow\omega\eta\pi^+\pi^-

We present results of a study of the decay $J/\psi\rightarrow\omega\eta\pi^+\pi^-$ using a sample of $(225.2\pm2.8)\times10^6$ $J/\psi$ events collected by the BESIII detector, and report the observation of a new process of $J/\psi\rightarrow \omega X(1870)$ in which X(1870) decays to $a_0(980)\pi$. The statistical significance of this process is larger than $7.2\sigma$. Signals for $J/\psi\rightarrow \omega f_1(1285)$ and $J/\psi\rightarrow \omega\eta(1405)$ are also observed in $\eta\pi^+\pi^-$ spectrum, with statistical significances much larger than $10\sigma$.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure

Spin-Parity Analysis of ppbar Mass Threshold Structure in J/psi and psi' Radiative Decays

A partial wave analysis of the $p \bar{p}$ mass-threshold enhancement in the reaction $J/\psi\rightarrow\gamma p\bar{p}$ is used to determine: its $J^{PC}$ quantum numbers to be $0^{-+}$; its peak mass to be below threshold at $M=1832^{+19}_{-5} {\rm(stat.)}^{+18}_{-17} {\rm (syst.)}\pm19 {\rm (model)} {\rm MeV}/c^2$; and its total width to be $\Gamma<76 {\rm MeV}/c^2$ at the 90% C.L. The product branching ratio is measured to be $B(J/\psi\rightarrow\gamma X(p\bar{p}))B(X(p\bar{p})\rightarrow p\bar{p})=(9.0^{+0.4}_{-1.1} {\rm (stat.)}^{+1.5}_{-5.0} {\rm (syst.)}\pm2.3 {\rm (model)})\times10^{-5}$. A similar analysis performed on $\psi^\prime\rightarrow\gamma p\bar{p}$ decays shows, for the first time, the presence of a corresponding enhancement with a production rate relative to that for $J/\psi$ decays of $R=(5.08^{+0.71}_{-0.45} {\rm (stat.)}^{+0.67}_{-3.58} {\rm (syst.)}\pm0.12 {\rm (model)})$.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Measurements of the mass and width of the eta_c using psi' -> gamma eta_c

The mass and width of the lowest lying S-wave spin singlet charmonium state, the eta_c, are measured using a data sample of 1.06x10^8 psi' decays collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring. We use a model that incorporates interference between the signal reaction, psi' -> gamma eta_c, and a non-resonant radiative background to successfully describe the line shape of the eta_c. We measure the eta_c mass to be 2984.3 +- 0.6 +- 0.6 MeV/c^2 and the total width to be 32.0 +- 1.2 +- 1.0 MeV, where the first errors are statistical and the second are systematic.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, matches Phys. Rev. Lett. versio