Low-Pressure and Nascent Yields of Thermalized Criegee Intermediate in Ozonolysis of Ethene

The yields of thermalized formaldehyde oxide (CH2OO, the simplest Criegee intermediate) produced from ozonolysis of ethene at low pressures were measured indirectly using cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) and chemical titration with an excess amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2). The method of monitoring the consumption of SO2 as a scavenger allows better characterization of the CH2OO at low pressure and short residence time. The yield of thermalized CH2OO from ethene ozonolysis was found to decrease with decreasing pressure. The nascent yield of thermalized CH2OO was determined to be 20.1 ± 2.5% by extrapolation of the 7–19 Torr measurements to the zero-pressure limit. Kinetic models enable better evaluation and understanding of the different measurement methods of thermalized Criegee intermediates. The information on the low-pressure yields from this work serves as a benchmark for theoretical calculations and facilitates a better understanding of the alkene ozonolysis reaction mechanisms

sj-docx-1-ems-10.1177_14690667221142699 - Supplemental material for Flash pyrolysis vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry of cycloheptane: A study of the initial decomposition mechanism

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-ems-10.1177_14690667221142699 for Flash pyrolysis vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry of cycloheptane: A study of the initial decomposition mechanism by Kuanliang Shao, Ge Sun, Mariah Gomez, Xinghua Liu and Jingsong Zhang in European Journal of Mass Spectrometry</p

Investigation of lignocellulolytic enzymes during different growth phases of <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> strain G0119 using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses

<div><p><i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> is a medicinal mushroom that is well known for its ability to enhance human health, and products made from this fungus have been highly profitable. The substrate-degrading ability of <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> could be related to its growth. CAZy proteins were more abundant in its genome than in the other white rot fungi models. Among these CAZy proteins, changes in lignocellulolytic enzymes during growth have not been well studied. Using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses, this study focuses on the lignocellulolytic enzymes of <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> strain G0119 to determine which of these degradative enzymes contribute to its growth. From the genome sequencing data, genes belonging to CAZy protein families, especially genes involved in lignocellulose degradation, were investigated. The gene expression, protein abundance and enzymatic activity of lignocellulolytic enzymes in mycelia over a growth cycle were analysed. The overall expression cellulase was higher than that of hemicellulase and lignin-modifying enzymes, particularly during the development of fruiting bodies. The cellulase and hemicellulase abundances and activities increased after the fruiting bodies matured, when basidiospores were produced in massive quantities till the end of the growth cycle. Additionally, the protein abundances of the lignin-modifying enzymes and the expression of their corresponding genes, including laccases and lignin-degrading heme peroxidases, were highest when the mycelia fully spread in the compost bag. Type I cellobiohydrolase was observed to be the most abundant extracellular lignocellulolytic enzyme produced by the <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> strain G0119. The AA2 family haem peroxidases were the dominant lignin-modifying enzyme expressed during the mycelial growth phase, and several laccases might play roles during the formation of the primordium. This study provides insight into the changes in the lignocellulose degradation ability of <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> during its growth and will facilitate the discovery of new approaches to accelerate the growth of <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> in culture.</p></div

Lignocellulolytic enzyme activities during the 5 <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.

<p>Lignocellulolytic enzyme activities during the 5 <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.</p

Differences in the abundance of lignocellulolytic enzymes among <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.

<p>Differences in the abundance of lignocellulolytic enzymes among <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.</p

Monosaccharide compositions of cellulose and hemicellulose in the composts during the 5 <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.

<p>Monosaccharide compositions of cellulose and hemicellulose in the composts during the 5 <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.</p

Lignocellulose compostion changes in the compost during the 5 <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.

<p>Lignocellulose compostion changes in the compost during the 5 <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> G0119 growth phases.</p

Table_1_Effects of molecular weight on intestinal anti-inflammatory activities of β-D-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum.docx

To investigate the influence of molecular weight (Mw) on the anti-inflammatory activity of β-D-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum, ultrasonic irradiation was applied to treat the β-D-glucan (GLP, 2.42 × 106 g/mol) solution to obtain two degraded fractions with molecular weight of 6.53 × 105 g/mol (GLPC) and 3.49 × 104 g/mol (GLPN). Structural analysis proved that the degraded fractions possessed similar repeated units with the original β-D-glucan. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity studies showed that all fractions could significantly inhibit LPS-induced expression of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-8, MIF and MCP-1 in Caco-2 cells at certain concentrations. Moreover, GLPC and GLPN exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity than GLPC. The intestinal anti-inflammatory activity evaluated by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)—induced colitis mice model showed that intragastric administration of GLPN (lower Mw fraction) could significantly recover inflamed tissues of mice. Compared with GLP and GLPC, GLPN exhibited stronger ability to inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). The results revealed that Mw of β-D-glucan influenced its anti-inflammatory activity and decreasing of Mw would improve the activity, which provided evidence for the potential use of β-D-glucan from G. lucidum as anti-colitis ingredients.</p

DataSheet_1_A new framework for host-pathogen interaction research.zip

COVID-19 often manifests with different outcomes in different patients, highlighting the complexity of the host-pathogen interactions involved in manifestations of the disease at the molecular and cellular levels. In this paper, we propose a set of postulates and a framework for systematically understanding complex molecular host-pathogen interaction networks. Specifically, we first propose four host-pathogen interaction (HPI) postulates as the basis for understanding molecular and cellular host-pathogen interactions and their relations to disease outcomes. These four postulates cover the evolutionary dispositions involved in HPIs, the dynamic nature of HPI outcomes, roles that HPI components may occupy leading to such outcomes, and HPI checkpoints that are critical for specific disease outcomes. Based on these postulates, an HPI Postulate and Ontology (HPIPO) framework is proposed to apply interoperable ontologies to systematically model and represent various granular details and knowledge within the scope of the HPI postulates, in a way that will support AI-ready data standardization, sharing, integration, and analysis. As a demonstration, the HPI postulates and the HPIPO framework were applied to study COVID-19 with the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO), leading to a novel approach to rational design of drug/vaccine cocktails aimed at interrupting processes occurring at critical host-coronavirus interaction checkpoints. Furthermore, the host-coronavirus protein-protein interactions (PPIs) relevant to COVID-19 were predicted and evaluated based on prior knowledge of curated PPIs and domain-domain interactions, and how such studies can be further explored with the HPI postulates and the HPIPO framework is discussed.</p