The complete chloroplast genome sequences of two Chaenomeles species (Chaenomeles cathayensis and Chaenomeles thibetica)

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Chaenomeles cathayensis and Chaenomeles thibetica was characterized from Illumina pair-end sequencing. The length of C. cathayensis and C. thibetica chloroplast genome of was 159,875 bp and 159,907 bp, respectively. The C. cathayensis chloroplast genome contained a large single-copy region (LSC) of 87,813bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 19,304 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,379 bp, which is a quadripartite structure. Similarity, The C. thibetica chloroplast genome also contained a quadripartite structure, including a LSC region (87,851 bp), a SSC region (19,298 bp), and two IR regions (26,379 bp). The overall GC content of C. cathayensis and C. thibetica are both 36.57%. The C. cathayensis and C. thibetica chloroplast genome contains 130 complete genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The C. thibetica chloroplast genome contains 130 complete genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis showed that C. cathayensis and C. thibetica clustered together, indicated that C. cathayensis and C. thibetica have closed evolutionary relationship compared with other Chaenomeles species

是非特指双层问的功能及其话语策略

本文讨论 你有什么需要我帮忙吗？ 这类兼有是非问与特指问某些特征的是非特指双层问，重点讨论其内部类型、双层焦点与话语策略。是非特指双层问实际上包含两个不同层次的问句：既满足一般问句的需求，也适应更进一层特指问句的需求，外层是非问是次要焦点，内层特指问才是主要焦点。其关键是话语策略在起作用，符合礼貌原则、经济原则与灵活原则。最后，本文对这类特殊疑问句形成的历史轨迹进行了初步探讨，指出它可能是从反问句经过诱导句演变而来的。 The paper explores special interrogatives like ni you shenme xuyao wo bangmang ma? , which combines the nature of both yes-no question and wh-question:one is to ask yes or no and the other is to further a special question. The surface yes-no question is the minor focus while the inner wh-question is the major focus. The key factor is the effect of discourse strategy with the application of Politeness Principle, Economical Principle and Flexibility Principle. The paper stresses their categories, the double foci and discourse strategy. At last, the diachronic evolution process of this kind of special interrogatives is discussed and it was proposed that these complex interrogatives may have developed from rhetorical questions through induced sentences

Prediction of Suitable Habitats for Sapindus delavayi Based on the MaxEnt Model

Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. (S. delavayi) is an important biological washing material and biomass energy tree species with a peel rich in saponins and a kernel high in oil content. We used the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to predict the suitable habitats for S. delavayi in China, screen the dominant environmental factors affecting its distribution, and analyze the changes in its suitable habitats under future climate change. The results provide a scientific basis for its introduction, cultivation, and germplasm resource collection and protection. Twenty-two environmental variables and China distribution data for S. delavayi were used to construct the species distribution model, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to verify the model’s accuracy. The dominant environmental factors were screened through the jackknife method, then a geographical information system (ArcGIS) was used to determine the level of suitable habitat division and area calculation. The results showed that the MaxEnt model had an excellent predictive effect for which the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value was as high as 0.959. The annual precipitation (Bio18), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), temperature seasonality (Bio4), and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) were the dominant environmental factors that affected the distribution of S. delavayi. Under the current climate, the suitable area for S. delavayi is 1,321,308.07 km2, and under the four climate scenarios for the 2050s and 2090s, the suitable area is predicted to change by −3.97%~2.57%. Overall, the centroids of the highly suitable habitats will shift by different degrees to the southwest in the future

Log interpretation for coal petrologic parameters: A case study of Hancheng mining area, Central China

Aiming at a serious obstacle for building a log interpretation model to accurately interpret density and sonic speed value of each coal component which cannot be measured directly in lab scale, a log interpretation method of coal reservoir parameters was studied using the Hancheng mining area as an example. The enumeration method was used to calculate density and sonic speed value of fixed carbon, ash, and volatile according to experimental determination of industrial components, pore, gas content, density and sonic speed value of many coal samples in the Hancheng mining area. On the basis of the relationships of each coal component and its density and sonic speed value, logging response relationships between each component and its compensated density and acoustic travel-time differences were studied using numerical fitting. As fitted carbon content increases and ash content decreases, density decrease and sonic speed difference increase. By combining statistical analysis method and theory model calculation method, interpretation models of industrial components, gas content and pore for coal reservoirs were built and a logging integrated interpretation software was programmed, which have got good effect in actual application. Key words: coal reservoir, log interpretation, fixed carbon content, ash content, gas content, coalbed methane, Hancheng mining are

Condition Forecasting of a Power Transformer Based on an Online Monitor with EL-CSO-ANN

Power transformers are vital to the power grid and discovering the latent faults in advance is helpful for avoiding serious problems. This study addressed the problem of forecasting and diagnosing the faults of power transformers with small dissolved gas analysis (DGA) data samples that arise from faults in transformers with low occurrence rates. First, an online monitor that was developed in our previous work was applied to obtain the DGA data. Second, the ensemble learning (EL) of a bagging algorithm with bootstrap resampling was used to deal with small training samples. Finally, a criss-cross-optimized neural network (i.e., CSO-NN) was applied to the short-term prediction of the DGA data, based on which the transformer status could be forecasted. The case studies showed that the proposed EL-CSO-NN algorithm integrated into the monitor was capable of achieving satisfactory classification and prediction accuracy for transformer fault forecasting

Transcriptional Profiling of Midgut Immunity Response and Degeneration in the Wandering Silkworm, <em>Bombyx mori</em>

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Lepidoptera insects have a novel development process comprising several metamorphic stages during their life cycle compared with vertebrate animals. Unlike most Lepidoptera insects that live on nectar during the adult stage, the <em>Bombyx mori</em> silkworm adults do not eat anything and die after egg-laying. In addition, the midguts of Lepidoptera insects produce antimicrobial proteins during the wandering stage when the larval tissues undergo numerous changes. The exact mechanisms responsible for these phenomena remain unclear.</p> <h3>Principal Findings</h3><p>We used the silkworm as a model and performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the midgut between the feeding stage and the wandering stage. Many genes concerned with metabolism, digestion, and ion and small molecule transportation were down-regulated during the wandering stage, indicating that the wandering stage midgut loses its normal functions. Microarray profiling, qRT-PCR and western blot proved the production of antimicrobial proteins (peptides) in the midgut during the wandering stage. Different genes of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway were up-regulated during the wandering stage. However, some key genes belonging to the Toll pathway showed no change in their transcription levels. Unlike butterfly (<em>Pachliopta aristolochiae</em>), the midgut of silkworm moth has a layer of cells, indicating that the development of midgut since the wandering stage is not usual. Cell division in the midgut was observed only for a short time during the wandering stage. However, there was extensive cell apoptosis before pupation. The imbalance of cell division and apoptosis probably drives the continuous degeneration of the midgut in the silkworm since the wandering stage.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study provided an insight into the mechanism of the degeneration of the silkworm midgut and the production of innate immunity-related proteins during the wandering stage. The imbalance of cell division and apoptosis induces irreversible degeneration of the midgut. The Imd pathway probably regulates the production of antimicrobial peptides in the midgut during the wandering stage.</p> </div